decision making

Question 1

making conclusions from observations is what type of reasoning?

Answer 1

inductive

Question 2

testing a hypothesis is what type of reasoning?

Answer 2

deductive reasoning

Question 3

what is the belief that logical reasoning is human nature?

Answer 3

logicism

Question 4

what the fuck is a syllogism?

Answer 4

statements with premises and conclusions

Question 5

what are the three types of syllogisms

Answer 5

all statements (all a are b), negative statements (no a is b), some statements (some a are b)

Question 6

how do we measure the validity of a syllogism?

Answer 6

it depends on if the conclusion is true given the premises’ structure. NOT based on actual truth

Question 7

believing that not doing something is not as bad as doing describes what?

Answer 7

omission bias

Question 8

what is the belief bias

Answer 8

we use prior knowledge (schemas, heuristics) when solving syllogisms

Question 9

if P then Q describes what

Answer 9

conditional reasoning

Question 10

Watson’s four card task where you must verify if a an even number is paired with a vowel on the other side illustrates what ?

Answer 10

confirmation bias

Question 11

what does confirmation bias state

Answer 11

we seek evidence that confirms our hypothesis and ignore information that may refute it

Question 12

conditional reasoning requires _____ which states we need to look for statements that would ____ a rule

Answer 12

falsification, falsify

Question 13

people’s moral obligations are dependent on a societal agreement describes what

Answer 13

social contract theory

Question 14

an over application of heuristics leads to ____

Answer 14

biases

Question 15

the probability that something is a member of a category because it resembles that category describes what?

Answer 15

representativeness bias

Question 16

the alan example leads to ____ ___ _____ which states we….

Answer 16

base rate neglect: we ignore important information (there are more farmers than librarians) when reasoning

Question 17

the linda example is an example of _____ _____ which states….

Answer 17

conjunctive fallacy: false assumption that more specific facts are more likely than a single fact

Question 18

describe the availability bias

Answer 18

we think how likely something is to occur based on how fast an example of that event comes to mind

Question 19

someone who watches many crime shows thinking crime is on the rise is an example of…

Answer 19

availability bias

Question 20

assuming there is a correlation or causation between two co-occuring events describes what?

Answer 20

illusory correlations

Question 21

describe the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 21

using known information as a starting point to anchor our judgement

Question 22

What is the gambler’s fallacy

Answer 22

the false belief that if an event happens more than normal, it is less likely to happen in the future

Question 23

give an example of the gamblers fallacy

Answer 23

betting on red after 10 consecutive blacks because its due for a red in roulette

Question 24

thinking that something a successful streak will keep experiencing success because of the streak describes what

Answer 24

hot-hand belief

Question 25

what is the post-mortem technique for overcoming heuristics?

Answer 25

learning from failure

Question 26

looking ahead to see what could fail describes what?

Answer 26

pre-mortem technique at overcoming heuristics

Question 27

describe regression toward the mean

Answer 27

if one sample of a random variable is extreme, the next sampling is likely to be closer to the mean

Question 28

having our rationality limited due to external factors describes what?

Answer 28

bounded rationality

Question 29

what is it when we say people are satisfiers?

Answer 29

we look for solutions that are ‘good enough’

Question 30

what is ecological rationality?

Answer 30

viewing heuristics as an optimal approach to problem solving