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Histopathology > Decalcification > Flashcards

Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

what is decalcification

A

to remove minerals from bone or other calcified tissue

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2
Q

effect of incomplete decalcification

A

hard cutting of tissue

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3
Q

effect of over-calcification

A

will hardly react to eosin

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4
Q

calcium may be removed by one of the following agents, enumerate.

ACIE

A

Acids
Chelating agents
Ion exchange resins
Electrical ionization

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5
Q

enumerate the acid decalcifying agents

A

Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Formic acid
Formic acid - sodium citrate solution
Trichloroactetic acid
Sulfurous acid
Chromic acid
Citric acid-Citrate Buffer Solution (pH4.5)

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6
Q

most common and fastest decalcifying agent

A

nitric acid

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7
Q

aqueous nitric acid solution 10% components and decal time

A

concentrated nitric acid
distilled water
12-24 hours

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8
Q

recommended for urgent biopsies, needle, and small biopsies

A

aqueous nitric acid solution 10%

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9
Q

FORMOL-NITRIC ACID (10%) components and decalcification time

A

concentrated nitric acid + strong formaldehyde + distilled water
1-3 days

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10
Q

component and decal time of Perenyi’s fluid

A

10% Nitric acid
0.5% Chromic acid
Absolute ethyl alcohol
2-7 days

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11
Q

phloroglucin nitric acid components and decal time

A

concentrated nitric acid
phloroglucin
10% nitric acid
12-24 hours

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12
Q

most rapid decalcifying agent

A

phloroglucin nitric acid

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13
Q

enumerate the 4 decalcifying agents under NITRIC ACID

A

formol-nitric acid
aqueous nitric acid solution 10%
perenyi’s fluid
phloroglucin nitric acid

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14
Q

inferior to nitric acid due to its lower action and greater distortion

A

hydrochloric acid

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15
Q

give an example of a hydrochloric acid decalcifying agent

A

von ebner’s fluid

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16
Q

von ebner’s fluid components

A

Saturated aqueous solution of 36% NaCl conc. HCL
distilled water

17
Q

this acid decalcifying agent recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones

A

von ebner’s fluid

18
Q

the only weak acid used extensively as primary decalcifying agent for decalcification of post-mortem tissues not for urgent exams

A

formic acid

19
Q

component and decalcification time of formic acid

A

formic acid + 10% formol saline
2-7 days

20
Q

components and decal time of formic acid - sodium citrate solution

A

20% aqueous sodium citrate
45% formic acid
3-14 days

21
Q

recommended for autopsy materials, bone marrow cartilage, and tissue studied for research

A

formic acid - sodium citrate solution

22
Q

components and decalcification time of trichloroacetic acid

A

TCA
10% formol saline
4-8 days

23
Q

weak decalcifying solution suitable only for minute pieces of bone

A

sulfurous acid

24
Q

chromic acid (flemming’s solution) components

A

chromic acid + osmium tetroxide + glacial acetic acid

25
Q

citric acid - citrate buffer solution pH, component, and decal time

A

4.57% citric acid monohydrate aqueous solution + 7.4% **ammonium citrate **(anhydrous) aqueous solution + 1% zinc sulfate aqueous solution + few drops of chloroform

6 days

26
Q

most common chelating agent

A

EDTA

27
Q

substances which combine calcium ions and other salts

A

chelating agents

28
Q

commercial name of edta

A

versene and sequestrene

29
Q

ion exchange resin is an ammonium form of __

A

polystyrene resin

30
Q

removes calcium ions from formic acid thereby increasing solubility from the tissue

A

ion exchange resin

31
Q

ion exchange resin is not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids such as __

A

nitric or hydrochloric acid

32
Q

process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently remove from the decalcifying agent

A

electrophoresis

33
Q

solutions used in electrophoresis

FCD

A

88% Formic acid
Concentrated HCl
Distilled water

34
Q

enumerate the 3 ways to measure the extent of decalcification

PCX

A
  • Physical or mechanical method
  • Xray/radiological
  • Chemical/calcium oxalate test
35
Q

most ideal, most sensitive, most reliable method which is not recommended for mercuric chloride-fixed itssues

A

xray/radiological

36
Q

reliable, convenient method recommended for routine purposes and the decalcifying fluid is changed every 24-48 hrs

A

chemical method/calcium oxalate test

37
Q

solutions used in calcium oxalate test

A

concentrated ammonium hydroxide, saturated aqueous ammonium oxalate

38
Q

presence of cloudiness in chemical method indicates?

A

presence of Ca (incomplete decalcification)

Histopathology (16 decks)

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