DAY 2- ChE CALCULATIONS Flashcards
Material or energy stream that leaves a downstream process unit and returned to the same process unit or upstream unit
Recycle
Material or enery stream bled off from a process to prevent accumulation of inert materials that may buildup in the recycle streams
purge
material or energy stream that skips one or more unit of the process and goes directly to a downstream unit
Bypass
Type of Reaction where the reactant is consumed by two different reaction pathways to form different products
Parallel or competing reactions
Reaction where the reactant forms an intermediate product which reacts further to form another product
Series or consecutice reactions
Sequence of chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat (exothermic) and conversion of chemical species
combustion
Product gas that leaves a combustion furnace
Stack gas or flue gas
Compostion in dry basis
Orsat analysis
Used to analyze gas samples for its oxygen, carbononoxide and carbon dioxide content.
Orsat gas analyzer
Absorbents used in orsat gas analyzer
Potassium hydroxide (for CO2), alkaline solution of pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3- triol (for O2) and ammoniaflq cuprous chloride (for CO)
mole of exygen necessary for the complete combustion of all the fuel fed to the reactor
theoretical oxygen
amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceeds the theo air
excess air
Imporanr factor to consider in choosing fuel source
*low cost moderate ignition temp low moisture content clean combustion products high calorific value minimal amount or non combustible materials
Total heat liberated from the complete combustion of a certain amount of fuel
Calorific/Heating Value
1 BTU= 1055 J
1 kcal= ____CHU
2.2
Heat relased when the product is liquid water
Gross/higher calorific value
Heat released when the product is water vapor
Net/Lower calorific Value
Analysis of solid Fuel.
Loss in weight of the dample when heated for 1 hour at 104 C to 110 C
Moisture
Analysis of solid fuels
Loss in weight of the dried sample when heated for 7 min at 950 C in a covered crucible
Volatile combustible Matter
Weight of the sample after complete combustion or the sample in air at 725 C
Ash
Classification of solid fuel that originated from the decay of biomass which is converted to peat by bacterial and chemical action and under the influence of time, pressure and temp
Coal
highest rank of coal
anthracite
most abundant and widely used rank of coal which is usually black or dark brown in color
bituminous
lesser grade of coal with more moisture and less FC than bituminous coal
Sub-bituminous coal
lowest grade of coal
lignite or brown coal
non agglomerated and non fusible residue from thermal treatment of coal
Coal char
solid remains from the carbonization of coal, petroleum residues and other carbonaceous materials
coke
residue from the destructive distillation of wood usually containing 10-15% moisture
charcoal
Dulong Equation
GCV= 0.338(C) + 1.44(H-O/8)+0.094(S)
NCV= GCV-0.212(H)-0.0245(M)-0.0008(O)
Usually obtained in elemental form as contaminant of natural gaa and petroleum industry
Free Sulfur or Raw Sulfur
Common sulfide minerals
Chalcocite Galena Pyrite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar
occurs in primary evaporite depositional environmenta, as secondary minerals in oxidizing sulfide mineral deposits and as gangue minerals in hydrothermal veins
Sulfate minerals
Lowest temp at which a fuel will flow when cooled and a rough indication of the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel can be pumped
Pour point
Minimum temp at which fuel will rapidly catch fire when exposed to an open flame located above the liquid
Flash point
minimum temp required for the fuel to initiate self sustained combustion in a standard container in atmpsphere air in the absence of a spark or flame
Auto-ignition temp
Measures the tendency of the fuel to form soot
Smoke point
Type of gaseous fuel that is found compressed in porous rocks and shale formations and composed of mixture of hydrocarbons like methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane and some traces of sulfur and organic nitrogen
Natural gas
consists of ethane, propane and butane
LPG
Consists of CO2, H2, about 55% N2 and trace amounts of CO2 obtained by passing small amount of air through a hot bed of coal and peat wood and other biomass
Producer gas
Consists of CO and H2, with small amounts of N2 generated similar to a producer gas but blown with steam thereby decreasing the N2 content and doubling the heating value
Water gas
Heat released when the fuel initiallt at 25 C reacts completelt wirh oxygen and the products are returned to 25 C
Heating Value
