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Animal Ag > Dairy Cattle:reproduction > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle:reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Interval from one heat period to the next

A

Estrous cycle

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2
Q

Time when female is receptive to male and will allow breeding

A

Heat or estrus

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3
Q

Is the basic pattern of estrous cycle same or different for all mammals

A

Same, timing of stages is just different

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4
Q

What controls the estrous cycle

A

Hormones from the ovary and brain

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5
Q

Around what age does a heifer begin her estrous cycle

A

4-24 months of age

Avg age is 12 months

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6
Q

What is a yearling

A

Cattle of either sex 1-2 yrs of age

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7
Q

Once a heifer has her first heat she will repeat it every ____ days
Therefore, the length of the estrous cycle in cattle is ____days

A

21

21

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8
Q

How long are cattle in estrus (heat) for

A

Approx. 12-18hrs

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9
Q

Cattle are polyestrus which means

A

They have many beats per year

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10
Q

Signs of estrus in cattle

A

Increased activity
Vocalize (bellow)
Interest in other animals (nuzzling, pushing around)
Stand to be mounted “standing heat” most prominent sign

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11
Q

How often cows should be observed for heat

A

30 mins 2x daily

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12
Q

Heat detection aid example

A

Mount detectors (crayon on back or vile of dye)

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13
Q

What is ovulation

A

Time when females egg is released (from ovary and falls into ovaduct) and contraception is most likely to occur

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14
Q

When ovulation happens in relation to estrous cycle

A

Towards end of estrus period

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15
Q

Define Gestation

A

Period of carrying a baby

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16
Q

How long cattle gestation is

A

285 days, aka 9months

17
Q

How many calves are most cows meant to have per year

A

1

18
Q

What are freemartin cattle

A

When a heifer is born as a twin to a bull. There is a 90% chance she will be sterile (testosterone production from bull flows into females blood vessels)

19
Q

Is twinning common in cattle

A

No

20
Q

Examples of aid to increase reproductive efficiency

A

Prostaglandin, embryo transfer

21
Q

What is prostaglandin

A

Naturally occurring female hormone, can be manufactured synthetically to aid with reproductive problems

22
Q

What prostaglandin does after injected

A

Cow comes into heat 2-3 days after injection

23
Q

When prostaglandin is usually utilized

A

When cow is hard to catch in heat, farmers want to synchronize cows so they can be bred at same time, shorten estrous cycle

24
Q

Options for breeding cattle

A

Natural service (cows bred by bull) or artificial insemination

25
Q

Pros and cons of natural service breeding

A

+cheaper and easier

-unsure of genetics and heritable traits, bulls are dangerous, STDs

26
Q

Pros and cons of artificial insemination

A

+better genetics available (selection traits), control of STDs, don’t have to keep bull
-homogenous population

27
Q

How cows are artificially inseminated

A

Arms inserted into rectum, rod w semen on end inserted into vagina, feel for body of uterus (target of semen placement )

28
Q

How AI company company selects a bull

A

Based on pedigree, health and semen evaluation, free of genetic diseases, shape and motility (morphology) of sperm examined

29
Q

What AI companies do with chosen bulls semen

A

Semen is mixed w an extender and frozen in individual straws
Bred to limited # of cows, daughter evaluated

30
Q

What embryo transfer is used for

A

Increase # of calves from valuable cows

31
Q

Procedure for embryo transfer

A

Valuable donor cow goes under hormone regimen to be super ovulated (many eggs develope at once)
AI by valuable sire
Several days later uterus is flushed and embryos collected
Eggs examined to see which are fertilized
Embryos implanted into recipient heifers or frozen in liquid nitrogen and sold

32
Q

Embryo splitting (breeding advancement)

A

Fertilized embryo is split producing 2 genetically identical twins (expensive)

33
Q

Sex control (breeding advancement)

A

Separating sperm into x& y so animals produce either male or female offspring. (Expensive)

34
Q

Cloning (breeding advancement )

A

Several methods available

taking cells from individual and allowing those cells to reproduce another identical individual

Animal Ag (27 decks)

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