d - Chapter 13 Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
what does the process of photosynthesis consist of? What is the opposite effect?
A
energy from the sun causes carbon atoms from CO2, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms of H2O to combine to form the carbohydrate, Glucose + oxygen.
Respiration is the opposite effect.
2
Q
what does the carbon cycle consist of?
A
the combination of photosynthesis and respiration.
energy from the sun is stored in plants by photosynthesis and is made available to us when the carbohydrates in our diets are metabolized
3
Q
what is the smallest/simplest carbohydrate?
A
monosaccharides
4
Q
sugar is an example of what kind of carbohydrate?
A
disaccharides
(two monosaccharides joined together which can be split)
5
Q
what does a disaccharide need in order to split apart?
A
hydrolysis (water) and an acid or enzyme
6
Q
what is a polysaccharide made of?
A
many monosaccharide units called a polymer
7
Q
what does a polysaccharide need in order to split apart?
A
hydrolysis (multiple water) and an acid or enzyme
yields many monosaccharide molecules
8
Q
what is a monosaccharide made up of?
A
3-8 carbon atoms + an aldehyde or ketone
9
Q
what is a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms called?
A
triose
10
Q
what is a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms called?
A
tetrose
11
Q
what is a six-carbon monosaccharide that is also a ketone called?
A
ketohexose
12
Q
A
13
Q
A
14
Q
A
15
Q
A
16
Q
A
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
Name:
A
20
Q
what is a chiral object?
A
an object that is nonsuperimposable (you CAN tell them apart once reflected)
21
Q
what is an achiral object
A
an object that is superimposable (you CANNOT tell them apart once reflected)
22
Q
chiral compounds are also called…?
A
enantiomers
23
Q
chiral groups need to have a carbon attached to ______ different groups
A
four
24
Q
if a carbon has three different groups attached to it, it is ______?
A
achiral
25
carbon is connected to four different groups
(a has two methyl groups - achiral)
(c has two methyl groups - achiral)
26
highlighted carbon is connected to four different groups
(a is connected to two methyl groups)
(b is connected to 2 hydrogens)
27
label whether each are chiral or achiral
28
compounds in medicine such as ibuprofen, penicillin, epinephrine, and morphine are chiral or achiral?
chiral
29
most compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, proteins, and DNA are chiral or achiral?
chiral
30
isomers that have atoms bonded in the same order, but with different arrangements in space are called?
stereoisomers
31
chiral or achiral?
achiral
32
chiral or achiral?
chiral
33
34
the centermost carbon
35
In the Fischer projection, the isomer that has the -OH group drawn to the left of the chiral atom is designated as the ______?
L - isomer
36
In the Fischer projection, the isomer that has the -OH group drawn to the right of the chiral atom is designated as the ______?
D - isomer
37
38
Behaviors of enantiomers of compounds have similar or varied characteristics of each other?
varied characteristics
one enantiomer of nicotine is more toxic than the other
one enantiomer of a compound can smell different than the other enantiomer
39
what is the benefit of producing a drug with only one active enantiomer?
lower dosage
enhancing activity
reducing drug interactions
eliminating harmful side effects
40
41
42
43
44
which of the chiral carbon atoms in a carbohydrate determine the D or L isomer?
the chiral atom farthest from the carbonyl group
45
Draw the Fischer projections for D-Glucose
46
Draw the Fischer projections for D-galactose
47
Draw the Fischer projections for D-fructose
48
what is another name for D-glucose?
dextrose
49
what is D-glucose most commonly found in?
blood sugar, fruits, veggies, corn syrup and honey
50
what is a monosaccharide that occurs combined with glucose in lactose?
D-galactose
51
what monosaccharide provides an important function in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system?
D-galactose
52
what is the difference between the Fischer projections of D-glucose and D-galactose?
the arrangement of the -OH group on carbon 4
53
which of the three most important monosaccharides are a ketohexose?
D-fructose
54
Why is D-fructose popular with dieters?
it is 2x's as sweet as sucrose which requires less of it for the same taste
55
what is another name for D-fructose?
Levulose and fruit sugar
56
where can you most commonly find D-fructose?
fruit juices and honey
57
what does hyperglycemia mean?
hyper - above normal
glyc - sugar (gluco)
above normal blood sugar levels (126 mg/dL or higher)
58
what does hypoglycemia mean?
hypo - below normal
glyc - sugar (gluco)
below normal blood sugar levels (50 mg/dL or lower)
59
In the Haworth structure of D-glucose, the alpha isomer has the -OH group on carbon 1 above or below the plane of the ring?
below the plane of the ring (abajo)
60
In the Haworth structure of D-glucose, the beta isomer has the -OH group on carbon 1 above or below the plane of the ring?
above the plane of the ring
61
what happens during mutarotation?
each isomer converts from the circle to the open chain and back again
in this process, the -OH on carbon 1 can change to either the alpha or beta isomer
62
draw the Hawthorne structures of a/b D-glucose
63
draw the Hawthorn structures of a/b D-galactose
64
draw the Hawthorn structures of a/b D-fructose
65
66
67
An aldehyde group with an adjacent hydroxyl can be oxidized to form what using what reagent?
carboxylic acid by an oxidizing reagent such as Benedict's reagent
68
what is a reducing sugar?
a carbohydrate with an aldehyde group capable of reducing in Benedict's reagent
69
what produces a positive on the benedict's test?
any aldehydes and ketones with an adjacent hydroxyl group
70
what does the reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides produce?
sugar alchols
71
what are sugar alcohols most commonly found in?
sugar-free products, diet drinks, and sugarless gum
72
73
74
75
what is maltose and what does the alpha isomer look like?
obtained from starch and found in germinating grains
76
what is maltose commonly used in?
cereals, candies, and the brewing of beverages
77
what is a glycosidic bond?
connects two monosaccharides by forming bonds with the hydroxyl group of both in the Hawthorne structure of a disaccharide
78
what does an a (1->4) bond indicate?
a glycosidic bond between an alpha -OH group on carbon 1 is joined to the -OH group on carbon 4 of the second glucose molecule
79
what monosaccharide combines to form maltose?
two D-glucose molecules
80
what monosaccharides combines to form lactose?
D-galactose and D-glucose
81
what does a-lactose look like?
82
what monosaccharides combine to form sucrose?
a-D-glucose and b-D-fructose
83
what does sucrose look like?
84
True or false: both the raw and refined forms of sugar are sucrose.
True
85
86
87
88
89
what are the four most common polysaccharides?
amylose
amylopectin
cellulose
glycogen
90
what makes amylose and amylopectin similar and different?
they both have a(1->4) glycosidic bonds
amylopectin differs in that it has a(1->6) glycosidic bonds every 25 glucose units
91
Polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin make up _____
starch
92
starches hydrolyze in water and acid to give what?
dextrins
93
dextrins hydrolyze into ______ and then ________
maltose
glucose
94
what enzyme is found in our saliva to break down carbohydrates?
amylase
95
what enzyme is found in our intestine to break down carbohydrates?
maltase
96
what is another name for glycogen?
animal starch
97
how are amylopectin and glycogen similar? different?
they both are joined by a(1->4) -glycosidic bonds, and both have branches occurring at different points of glucose units which are attached by a(1->6) -glycosidic bonds.
98
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
amylose
99
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
amylopectin and/or glycogen
100
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
amylopectin and/or glycogen
101
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
amylose
102
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
cellulose
103
which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?
cellulose
104
which polysaccharide can humans not digest but certain animals can such as horses, cows, and goats?
cellulose
105
106
107
108
