Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements Flashcards

1
Q

what do periods and groups of the periodic table pertain to?

A

periods: horizontal rows; energy levels of elements
groups: vertical columns

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2
Q

where can you find the metals on the periodic table?

A

blue

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3
Q

where can you find the nonmetals on the periodic table?

A

yellow

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4
Q

where can you find the metalloids on the periodic table?

A

green

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5
Q

what are some highlighted properties of metals?

A

shiny, ductile, malleable, conduct heat and electricity

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6
Q

what are some highlighted properties of nonmetals?

A

dull, brittle, insulator

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7
Q

Metals ______ electrons (-) to form _______ ?

A

lose
cations (+)

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8
Q

Nonmetals ______ electrons (-) to form _______. What groups can these be found?

A

gain
anions (-)
group 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A

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9
Q

what are the four main aspects of Dalton’s theory?

A
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10
Q

what is the importance to know of mercury poisoning?

A

Mercury can enter the body through inhaled mercury vapor, contact with the skin, or ingestion of foods or water contaminated with mercury. In the body, mercury destroys proteins and disrupts cell function. Long-term exposure to mercury can damage the brain and kidneys, cause mental retardation, and decrease physical development.

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11
Q

what is the charge, mass (in amu), and location within the atom of protons?

A

1+
1.007
Nucleus

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12
Q

what is the charge, mass (in amu), and location within the atom of neutrons?

A

0
1.008
Nucleus

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13
Q

what is the charge, mass (in amu), and location within the atom of electrons?

A

1-
0.00055
Outside nucleus

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14
Q

where are the heaviest particles located within an element?

A

within the nucleus

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15
Q

what does the atomic number (z) refer to?

A

the number of protons in an element;
it is the number given on the periodic table

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16
Q

what does the mass number (A) refer to?

A

sum of protons and neutrons;
number is not given on the periodic table, you have to be given this number

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17
Q

In these configurations, what does each number refer to? What is the number of neutrons found within each of the three?

A
18
Q

what is the definition of an isotope?

A

same two elements (same Z, same number of protons)
different mass number (different A, different number of neutrons)
Image below shows isotopes of Carbon

19
Q

what are allotropes?

A

different forms of the same element caused by formation of different amount of bonds
Ex: graphite is made of three carbon bonds
diamond is made of four carbon bonds

20
Q

Wavelength (increases or decreases) as frequency of electromagnetic radiation increases?

A

decreases

21
Q

which color has the highest energy? Blue, green, yellow or red?

A

Blue

22
Q

what happens when electrons move up the energy level (n1 to n4)?

A

it uses energy

23
Q

what happens when electrons move down the energy level (n4 to n1)?

A

it emits energy as color light

24
Q

what is the number of electrons in each energy level of Carbon?

A

2, 4

25
Q

what is the number of electrons in each energy level of sulfur?

A

2, 8, 6

26
Q

what is the number of electrons in each energy level of calcium?

A

2, 8, 8, 2

27
Q

what is the number of electrons in each energy level of argon?

A

2, 8, 8

28
Q

how many valence electrons are in sodium?

A

1

29
Q

how many valence electrons are in Boron?

A

3

30
Q

what’s a quick way to find out how many valence electrons are in an element?

A

look at the group number it belongs to

31
Q

would metals lose or gain electrons?

A

metals lose electrons in order to form cations (+)

32
Q

would nonmetals lose or gain electrons?

A

nonmetals gain electrons to form anions (-)
can only be found in groups 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A

33
Q

would Nitrogen need to lose or gain electrons? how many?

A

being a nonmetal, it would need to gain 3 electrons to have a balance of 8 valence electrons

34
Q

would Calcium need to lose or gain electrons? How many?

A

being a metal, it would need to lose 2 electrons in order to be left with remainder of 8 valence electrons

35
Q

what is the atomic size (or radius) defined as?

A

the distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons

36
Q

what is metallic character defined as?

A

how fast a metal loses the valence electrons

37
Q

what is the trend with the size of atomic mass and metallic character within elements of the periodic table?

A

As energy level increases, so does atomic mass
As group number increase, atomic mass decreases

38
Q

what is ionization energy defined as?

A

the amount of energy required to lose an electron

39
Q

what is the trend of ionization energy? (I.E.)

A

trend is directly opposite of atomic radius

40
Q

Given F, Cl, Br
Which has the largest radius?
Which has the largest IE?

A

Br
F

41
Q

Given: C, O, Mg, P, Cl, Ca
Which has the largest radius?
Which has the smallest radius?
Which has the smallest IE?
Arrange the elements in order of increasing size?

A

Ca
O
Ca
O, C, Cl, P, Mg, Ca