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Chemistry 1 > Chapter 15 Lipids > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are two main branches of lipids?

A

fatty acids and steroids

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2
Q

which forms of lipids are esters that can hydrolyze to give fatty acids and other molecules?

A

waxes, fats, oils, and phospholipids

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3
Q

which form of lipids cannot hydrolyze? Why?

A

steroids because they do not contain fatty acids

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4
Q

what is a steroid made of?

A

3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane molecule

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5
Q

what are the main branches of fatty acids?

A

waxes, triacylglycerols, and glycerophospholipids

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6
Q

are lipids soluble in water?

A

no because they are nonpolar (water is polar)

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7
Q

does an unsaturated fatty acid contain a double bond?

A

yes

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8
Q

does a saturated fatty acid contain a double bond?

A

no

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9
Q

what is the difference between a polyunsaturated and a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

polyunsaturated has multiple double bonds,
while monounsaturated has only one double bond

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10
Q

will a Cis or Trans unsaturated fatty acid have a bend in its structure?

A

Cis

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11
Q

Most unsaturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature? Why?

A

liquids because they have a low melting point due to the double bonds

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

when given the shorthand notation for the number of carbon atoms and double bonds in vaccenicacid (18:1) how can you tell it has a double bond?

A

the “1” in 18:1 is indication of how many double bonds it has. Meaning it has 1 double bond per the 18 carbons

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15
Q

what is produced that causes pain and inflammation in the body? IE: what are NSAIDS responsible for blocking within the body?

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

what are essential fatty acids?

A

they are polyunsaturated fatty acids that cannot be produced naturally and need to be absorbed through diet

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17
Q

what are three examples of essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

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18
Q

why are omega-3 fatty acids called this?

A

the first double bond occurs at carbon 3, counting from the METHYL end. This includes linolenic acid

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19
Q

what is required in order to be considered a wax?

A

a fatty acid, an ester bond, and a long chain alcohol

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20
Q

In the body, fatty acids are stored as what?

A

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

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21
Q

what does a triacylglycerol structure look like?

A
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22
Q

The name of the fatty acid formed with three stearic acids becomes ?

A

glyceryl tristearate
AKA: tristearin

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23
Q

Is a fat solid or liquid in room temperature? what about oils?

A

solid
liquid

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24
Q

fats are examples of kinds of _______ fatty acids
while oils are examples of _________ fatty acids

A

saturated (think of the lack of double bonds making it compact)
unsaturated (think of the double bonds making it loose)

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25
Q

which type of fatty acid has a high melting point?

A

saturated fatty acids

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26
Q

examples of triacylglycerols:

A

fats and oils

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27
Q

examples of fats:

A

obtained from animal sources such as meat, whole milk, butter, and cheese

28
Q

examples of oils:

A

obtained from plant sources such as olive oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, etc.

29
Q

why are palm oil and coconut oil solid at room temperature even though they are considered an oil?

A

they have an abundance of saturated fatty acids

30
Q

give examples of different waxes:

A

beeswax, carnauba wax, jojoba wax, and Lanolin

31
Q

what happens when hydrogenation occurs to an unsaturated fat?

A

Hydrogen is added to one or more of the double bonds in the unsaturated fat and they break, forming single bonds

an undesirable product is a trans fatty acid

32
Q

what is the negative effects of trans fatty acids?

A

they act like saturated fats (raise LDL and lower HDL)

33
Q

what does partial hydrogenation of an unsaturated fat such a vegetable oil produce?

A

a soft semisolid fat (margarine or shortening)

34
Q

trans fatty acids raise or lower LDL-cholesterol an HDL-cholesterol?

A

trans fatty acids are saturated fats that raise LDL-cholesterol (bad kind) and lower HDL-cholesterol (the good kind)

35
Q

what are examples of foods that contain trans fatty acids produced by hydrogenation?

A

fried foods, bread, chips, margarines, and vegetable shortening

36
Q

what does hydrolysis of triacylglycerols include and produce?

A

triacylglycerols are split by water in the presence of a strong acid
products include glycerol and three fatty acids

37
Q

is glycerol and fatty acids water soluble on their own?

A

glycerol is polar and thus water soluble
fatty acids contain long carbon chains and are thus insoluble in water

38
Q

what is saponification and what is the product?

A

a fat is heated with a strong base
produces glycerol and the salts of the acid

39
Q
A
40
Q

what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?

A

Saponification

41
Q

what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?

A

hydrolysis
glycerol and three fatty acids

42
Q

what is the name of this reaction? what is the products?

A

hydrogenation
single bonds instead of double

43
Q

what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?

A

esterification

44
Q

what are the two types of phospholipids?

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin

45
Q

what is the structure of glycerophospholipids?

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and an amino alcohol

46
Q

what types of bonds are found in a Glycerophospholipid?

A

the two fatty acids form ester bonds with glycerol
phosphoric acid forms a phosphoester bond with glycerol
phosphoric acid forms a phosphoester bond with an amino alcohol

47
Q

how can you identify when an amino alcohol is attached to a compound?

A

presence of OH and NH3+

48
Q

what portion of the glycerophospholipids are polar and nonpolar? why?

A

abundance of Oxygen in the phosphoric acid and NH3+ and Oxygen in the amino alcohol makes that end polar

49
Q

which end of a glycerophospholipid is soluble in lipids?

A

the hydrocarbon tail is soluble in lipids because both lipids and the hydrocarbon tail are nonpolar

50
Q

what is the most important and abundant steroid in the body?

A

cholesterol

51
Q

where is cholesterol synthesized within our bodies?

A

liver

52
Q

what foods are cholesterol obtained from?

A

meats, milk, and eggs

53
Q

what does an elevated range of cholesterol look like?

A

greater than 200 mg/dL

54
Q

what is the function of bile salts and where are they synthesized?

A

help absorption of cholesterol
synthesized in liver but stored in gallbladder

55
Q

diets high in saturated fats stimulate production of what?

A

cholesterol

56
Q

what part of cholesterol is the steroid nucleus?

A

four fused rings (3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane)

57
Q

what three features are added to the steroid nucleus in cholesterol?

A

a hydroxyl group (OH), one double bond in the second ring, two methyl groups, and a carbon chain

58
Q

what is the recommended daily dose of cholesterol per day?

A

300 mg of cholesterol

59
Q

what are lipoproteins made of and what is there purpose?

A

lipids combined with glycerophospholipids and proteins
this forms water-soluble complexes in order to transport lipids through the bloodstream
(makes lipids soluble by turning them from nonpolar to polar)

60
Q

what is HDL and LDL examples of?

A

lipoproteins

61
Q

what produces steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

62
Q

what are examples of steroid hormones?

A

male sex hormones such as testosterone and androsterone
female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone
adrenal corticosteroids from adrenal glands

63
Q

what is an example of adrenal corticosteriod?

A

cortisone

64
Q

what is cortisone’s function?

A

stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver and increases blood glucose levels

65
Q

when is cortisol released?

A

under stress

Chemistry 1 (15 decks)

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