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Chemistry 1 > Chapter 15 Lipids > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are two main branches of lipids?

A

fatty acids and steroids

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2
Q

which forms of lipids are esters that can hydrolyze to give fatty acids and other molecules?

A

waxes, fats, oils, and phospholipids

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3
Q

which form of lipids cannot hydrolyze? Why?

A

steroids because they do not contain fatty acids

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4
Q

what is a steroid made of?

A

3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane molecule

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5
Q

what are the main branches of fatty acids?

A

waxes, triacylglycerols, and glycerophospholipids

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6
Q

are lipids soluble in water?

A

no because they are nonpolar (water is polar)

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7
Q

does an unsaturated fatty acid contain a double bond?

A

yes

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8
Q

does a saturated fatty acid contain a double bond?

A

no

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9
Q

what is the difference between a polyunsaturated and a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

polyunsaturated has multiple double bonds,
while monounsaturated has only one double bond

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10
Q

will a Cis or Trans unsaturated fatty acid have a bend in its structure?

A

Cis

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11
Q

Most unsaturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature? Why?

A

liquids because they have a low melting point due to the double bonds

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

when given the shorthand notation for the number of carbon atoms and double bonds in vaccenicacid (18:1) how can you tell it has a double bond?

A

the “1” in 18:1 is indication of how many double bonds it has. Meaning it has 1 double bond per the 18 carbons

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15
Q

what is produced that causes pain and inflammation in the body? IE: what are NSAIDS responsible for blocking within the body?

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

what are essential fatty acids?

A

they are polyunsaturated fatty acids that cannot be produced naturally and need to be absorbed through diet

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17
Q

what are three examples of essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid

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18
Q

why are omega-3 fatty acids called this?

A

the first double bond occurs at carbon 3, counting from the METHYL end. This includes linolenic acid

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19
Q

what is required in order to be considered a wax?

A

a fatty acid, an ester bond, and a long chain alcohol

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20
Q

In the body, fatty acids are stored as what?

A

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

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21
Q

what does a triacylglycerol structure look like?

A
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22
Q

The name of the fatty acid formed with three stearic acids becomes ?

A

glyceryl tristearate
AKA: tristearin

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23
Q

Is a fat solid or liquid in room temperature? what about oils?

A

solid
liquid

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24
Q

fats are examples of kinds of _______ fatty acids
while oils are examples of _________ fatty acids

A

saturated (think of the lack of double bonds making it compact)
unsaturated (think of the double bonds making it loose)

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25
which type of fatty acid has a high melting point?
saturated fatty acids
26
examples of triacylglycerols:
fats and oils
27
examples of fats:
obtained from animal sources such as meat, whole milk, butter, and cheese
28
examples of oils:
obtained from plant sources such as olive oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, etc.
29
why are palm oil and coconut oil solid at room temperature even though they are considered an oil?
they have an abundance of saturated fatty acids
30
give examples of different waxes:
beeswax, carnauba wax, jojoba wax, and Lanolin
31
what happens when hydrogenation occurs to an unsaturated fat?
Hydrogen is added to one or more of the double bonds in the unsaturated fat and they break, forming single bonds an undesirable product is a trans fatty acid
32
what is the negative effects of trans fatty acids?
they act like saturated fats (raise LDL and lower HDL)
33
what does partial hydrogenation of an unsaturated fat such a vegetable oil produce?
a soft semisolid fat (margarine or shortening)
34
trans fatty acids raise or lower LDL-cholesterol an HDL-cholesterol?
trans fatty acids are saturated fats that raise LDL-cholesterol (bad kind) and lower HDL-cholesterol (the good kind)
35
what are examples of foods that contain trans fatty acids produced by hydrogenation?
fried foods, bread, chips, margarines, and vegetable shortening
36
what does hydrolysis of triacylglycerols include and produce?
triacylglycerols are split by water in the presence of a strong acid products include glycerol and three fatty acids
37
is glycerol and fatty acids water soluble on their own?
glycerol is polar and thus water soluble fatty acids contain long carbon chains and are thus insoluble in water
38
what is saponification and what is the product?
a fat is heated with a strong base produces glycerol and the salts of the acid
39
40
what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?
Saponification
41
what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?
hydrolysis glycerol and three fatty acids
42
what is the name of this reaction? what is the products?
hydrogenation single bonds instead of double
43
what is the name of this reaction? what are the products?
esterification
44
what are the two types of phospholipids?
glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin
45
what is the structure of glycerophospholipids?
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and an amino alcohol
46
what types of bonds are found in a Glycerophospholipid?
the two fatty acids form ester bonds with glycerol phosphoric acid forms a phosphoester bond with glycerol phosphoric acid forms a phosphoester bond with an amino alcohol
47
how can you identify when an amino alcohol is attached to a compound?
presence of OH and NH3+
48
what portion of the glycerophospholipids are polar and nonpolar? why?
abundance of Oxygen in the phosphoric acid and NH3+ and Oxygen in the amino alcohol makes that end polar
49
which end of a glycerophospholipid is soluble in lipids?
the hydrocarbon tail is soluble in lipids because both lipids and the hydrocarbon tail are nonpolar
50
what is the most important and abundant steroid in the body?
cholesterol
51
where is cholesterol synthesized within our bodies?
liver
52
what foods are cholesterol obtained from?
meats, milk, and eggs
53
what does an elevated range of cholesterol look like?
greater than 200 mg/dL
54
what is the function of bile salts and where are they synthesized?
help absorption of cholesterol synthesized in liver but stored in gallbladder
55
diets high in saturated fats stimulate production of what?
cholesterol
56
what part of cholesterol is the steroid nucleus?
four fused rings (3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane)
57
what three features are added to the steroid nucleus in cholesterol?
a hydroxyl group (OH), one double bond in the second ring, two methyl groups, and a carbon chain
58
what is the recommended daily dose of cholesterol per day?
300 mg of cholesterol
59
what are lipoproteins made of and what is there purpose?
lipids combined with glycerophospholipids and proteins this forms water-soluble complexes in order to transport lipids through the bloodstream (makes lipids soluble by turning them from nonpolar to polar)
60
what is HDL and LDL examples of?
lipoproteins
61
what produces steroid hormones?
cholesterol
62
what are examples of steroid hormones?
male sex hormones such as testosterone and androsterone female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone adrenal corticosteroids from adrenal glands
63
what is an example of adrenal corticosteriod?
cortisone
64
what is cortisone's function?
stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver and increases blood glucose levels
65
when is cortisol released?
under stress

Chemistry 1 (15 decks)

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