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Building a phenotype - lectures > Cytoskeleton I > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

System of filaments that creates a 3D transport network important for intracellular movement, structural support and control of cell shape

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2
Q

3 classes of cytoskeletal filament

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

actin sub units

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4
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

tubulin subunits

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5
Q

Tubulin sub unit structure

A

alpha-beta heterodimer

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6
Q

What are intermediate filaments made up of?

A

cytokeratin proteins such as

desmin and vimentin

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7
Q

What type of polymers do the three classes of microfilaments involve?

A

long unbranched one dimensional polymers

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8
Q

Microtubule diameter

A

25nm

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9
Q

microfilament diameter

A

7nm

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10
Q

intermediate filament diameter

A

10nm

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11
Q

protofilament

A

filament of polymerised tubulin

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12
Q

13 protofilaments

A

make up the microtubules found in mammalian cells

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13
Q

Two main functions of intermediate filaments

A
  1. structural support

2. determination and maintenance of cell and nucleus shape

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14
Q

Microtubule involvement during interphase (3)

A
  1. movement of COP-II vesicles from ER to golgi
  2. Movement of vesicles through golgi and to the PM
  3. Movement through the endsomal system
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15
Q

Microtubule involvement during mitosis (1)

A
  1. chromosome movement
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16
Q

Which direction do dyneins walk towards?

A

minus end DN

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17
Q

Which direction do kinesins walk towards?

A

plus end KP

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18
Q

ER is at the +/- end of microtubule?

A

+ plus end

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19
Q

Golgi is at the +/- end of microtubule?

A
  • minus end
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20
Q

What protein returns COP-I vesicles from golgi to ER?

A

kinesins

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21
Q

What protein returns COP-II vesicles from ER to golgi ?

A

dyneins

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22
Q

150 fold

A

microtubules are 150 fold more rigid than microfilaments

23
Q

X

A

antiparallel tetramer alignment

24
Q

what are nuclear lamins?

A

type of intermediate filament protein

25
Q

where are nuclear lamins located?

A

forms a lattice-like nuclear lamina at the interface between inner nuclear envelope and chromatin

26
Q

Function of nuclear lamina?

A

provides chromatin anchorage surface

27
Q

Microtubule organising centers (MTOCs)

A

where minus ends of microtubules are anchored

28
Q

Which tubulin sub unit can hydrolyse what?

A

beta tubulin is a GTPase (hydrolyse GTP)

29
Q

Which tubuline sub unit is at the minus end, the less dynamic end of a microtubule?

A

alpha tubulin

30
Q

GTP hydrolysis by beta tubulin is

A

slow

31
Q

GTP cap

A

region at the end of a polymerising microtubule where GTP hydrolysis hasn’t yet occurred

32
Q

When does a microtubule grow? (shrinks = vice versa)

A

when polymerisation rate exceeds GTP hydrolysis rate

33
Q

Dynamic instability

A

rapid switching between growing (polymerising) microtubules and shrinking (depolymerising) microtubules.

34
Q

microtubule catastrophe

A

sudden rapid shortening of microtubule and loss of GTP cap

35
Q

microtubule rescue

A

regain GTP cap

36
Q

What is dynamic instability caused by?

A

kinetics of GTP hydrolysis

37
Q

microscopy

A

used to visualise dynamic growth and depolymerisation of microtubules

38
Q

gamma tubulin ring complexes

A

x

39
Q

How many microtubules in cells in interphase?

A

50

40
Q

What can microtubules originate from?

A

centrosome

MTOCs

41
Q

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)

A

proteins that regulate tubulin and microtubules and also transport cargo

42
Q

Catastrophins

A

proteins associated with disassembly (depolymerisation) of microtubules, even from GTP capped ends

43
Q

Kinesins walk along microtubules in ? steps

A

8nm steps

44
Q

What do kinesins do at each step?

A

hydrolyse one molecule of ATP

45
Q

What are mitotic spindles made up of?

A

microtubules

46
Q

What are cilia and flagella made of?

A

microtubules

47
Q

Basal bodies

A

microtubular structure originating from a centriole upon which cilia/flagella can assemble

48
Q

Cilia basal body structure

A

9 outer doublet microtubules
2 inner singlet microtubules
(9+2 arrangement)

ciliary dynein accessory proteins

49
Q

ciliary dyneins

A

large motor complexes present on teh ciliary outer doublet microtubules. Important for driving movement of cilia.

50
Q

2 functions of cilia and flagella

A
  1. motion

2. sensing/signalling

51
Q

What are bacterial flagella made of?

A

flagellin

52
Q

what are eukaryotic flagella made of?

A

tubulin

53
Q

microtubule nucleation

A

x

54
Q

cellulose thing

A

x

Building a phenotype - lectures (36 decks)

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