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Building a phenotype - lectures > Cytoskeleton I > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

System of filaments that creates a 3D transport network important for intracellular movement, structural support and control of cell shape

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2
Q

3 classes of cytoskeletal filament

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

actin sub units

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4
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

tubulin subunits

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5
Q

Tubulin sub unit structure

A

alpha-beta heterodimer

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6
Q

What are intermediate filaments made up of?

A

cytokeratin proteins such as

desmin and vimentin

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7
Q

What type of polymers do the three classes of microfilaments involve?

A

long unbranched one dimensional polymers

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8
Q

Microtubule diameter

A

25nm

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9
Q

microfilament diameter

A

7nm

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10
Q

intermediate filament diameter

A

10nm

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11
Q

protofilament

A

filament of polymerised tubulin

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12
Q

13 protofilaments

A

make up the microtubules found in mammalian cells

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13
Q

Two main functions of intermediate filaments

A
  1. structural support

2. determination and maintenance of cell and nucleus shape

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14
Q

Microtubule involvement during interphase (3)

A
  1. movement of COP-II vesicles from ER to golgi
  2. Movement of vesicles through golgi and to the PM
  3. Movement through the endsomal system
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15
Q

Microtubule involvement during mitosis (1)

A
  1. chromosome movement
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16
Q

Which direction do dyneins walk towards?

A

minus end DN

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17
Q

Which direction do kinesins walk towards?

A

plus end KP

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18
Q

ER is at the +/- end of microtubule?

A

+ plus end

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19
Q

Golgi is at the +/- end of microtubule?

A
  • minus end
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20
Q

What protein returns COP-I vesicles from golgi to ER?

A

kinesins

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21
Q

What protein returns COP-II vesicles from ER to golgi ?

A

dyneins

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22
Q

150 fold

A

microtubules are 150 fold more rigid than microfilaments

23
Q

X

A

antiparallel tetramer alignment

24
Q

what are nuclear lamins?

A

type of intermediate filament protein

25
where are nuclear lamins located?
forms a lattice-like nuclear lamina at the interface between inner nuclear envelope and chromatin
26
Function of nuclear lamina?
provides chromatin anchorage surface
27
Microtubule organising centers (MTOCs)
where minus ends of microtubules are anchored
28
Which tubulin sub unit can hydrolyse what?
beta tubulin is a GTPase (hydrolyse GTP)
29
Which tubuline sub unit is at the minus end, the less dynamic end of a microtubule?
alpha tubulin
30
GTP hydrolysis by beta tubulin is
slow
31
GTP cap
region at the end of a polymerising microtubule where GTP hydrolysis hasn't yet occurred
32
When does a microtubule grow? (shrinks = vice versa)
when polymerisation rate exceeds GTP hydrolysis rate
33
Dynamic instability
rapid switching between growing (polymerising) microtubules and shrinking (depolymerising) microtubules.
34
microtubule catastrophe
sudden rapid shortening of microtubule and loss of GTP cap
35
microtubule rescue
regain GTP cap
36
What is dynamic instability caused by?
kinetics of GTP hydrolysis
37
microscopy
used to visualise dynamic growth and depolymerisation of microtubules
38
gamma tubulin ring complexes
x
39
How many microtubules in cells in interphase?
50
40
What can microtubules originate from?
centrosome | MTOCs
41
Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)
proteins that regulate tubulin and microtubules and also transport cargo
42
Catastrophins
proteins associated with disassembly (depolymerisation) of microtubules, even from GTP capped ends
43
Kinesins walk along microtubules in ? steps
8nm steps
44
What do kinesins do at each step?
hydrolyse one molecule of ATP
45
What are mitotic spindles made up of?
microtubules
46
What are cilia and flagella made of?
microtubules
47
Basal bodies
microtubular structure originating from a centriole upon which cilia/flagella can assemble
48
Cilia basal body structure
9 outer doublet microtubules 2 inner singlet microtubules (9+2 arrangement) ciliary dynein accessory proteins
49
ciliary dyneins
large motor complexes present on teh ciliary outer doublet microtubules. Important for driving movement of cilia.
50
2 functions of cilia and flagella
1. motion | 2. sensing/signalling
51
What are bacterial flagella made of?
flagellin
52
what are eukaryotic flagella made of?
tubulin
53
microtubule nucleation
x
54
cellulose thing
x

Building a phenotype - lectures (36 decks)

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