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Biology 1001 > Cycle 9 > Flashcards

Cycle 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ - the study of evolutionary relationships between different taxa

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

All the species alive OR dead are represented on the endpoints?

A

ALIVE

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2
Q

A ___ could be a species, or larger/smaller, just a group of living things

A

taxon

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3
Q

We can use ______ to figure out what individuals are more closely related

A

phylogeny

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4
Q

Time flows from __ to ___

A

root to tips

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4
Q

Branching points
Lineage diverged into humans and birds
Represent _____

A

speciation

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5
Q

MRCA on the ___

A

Nodes

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6
Q

Can represent the ___ information just in tree format

A

same

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7
Q

Important thing: _____ of branching events

A

sequence

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8
Q

_____ names should reflect evolutionary relationships (all members of a named group need to be closer related to other group members than to anything outside the group)

A

Group

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8
Q

Using phylogenies in classification
Important in _____

A

taxonomy

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8
Q

___ groups: two taxa most closely related

A

Sister

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9
Q

Cladisitic method of classification: only _______ groups (clades) get names

A

monophyletic

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10
Q

Anything that includes all the descents of that group’s MRCA:

A

monophyletic

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11
Q

Many traditionally-recognized groups are not ______
Ex: prokaryotes, dicots, fish, reptiles, monkeys, protista, monera etc

A

monophyletic

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11
Q

T/F Similarities don’t always correspond to relatedness

A

TRUE

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12
Q

T/F all traits provide useful information about evolutionary relationships

A

F: Not all traits provide useful information about evolutionary relationships

13
Q

_______ (not a useful trait in reconstructing evolutionary relationships)
Unique to a single taxon
Derived (not present in MRCA of the entire group)

A

Autapomorphy

14
Q

_______ (not a useful trait)
Shared by two or more taxa
Ancestral (already present in the MRCA of the entire group)

A

Symplesiomorphy

14
Q

______ (the only type of similarity to be paying attention to)
Shared, derived (present in MRCA of taxa with the trait, but not in MRCA of the entire group)

A

Synapormophy

15
Q

Cladistics: only use ______ (shared, derived) when making phylogenies

A

synapomorphies

15
Q

What about derived vs ancestral? How can we know what the group’s MRCA was like?

A

Find an outgroup… close-ish relative known to have branched off earlier than any of the groups of interest

15
Q

Shared vs unique is hard or easy?

A

easy

15
Q

The outgroup is ___ a member of the ingroup

A

not

15
Q

The _____ would still have to be Fairly closely related to ingroup

A

outgroup

15
Q

_____ comparison helps identify the ancestral state

A

Outgroup

16
Q

Is it 100% accurate?

A

Not 100%, but probably

16
Q

Is this trait probably ancestral or probably derived?
Present in outgroup and ALL in group = _______

A

ANCESTRAL

16
Q

Present in outgroup and SOME ingroup = ______

A

ANCESTRAL (One evolutionary loss)

17
Q

Absent in outgroup, present in SOME of ingroup = _____

A

DERIVED

17
Q

Present in the outgroup, but NONE of the ingroup =

A

NOT SURE (two equally likely explanations)

17
Q

Absent in outgroup, present in ALL of ingroup =

A

NOT SURE

18
Q

Outgroup comparison relies on _____: the simplest explanation is best

A

parsimony

19
Q

The tree requiring a ___ steps of evolutionary changes is probably correct

A

few

19
Q

_____: similarity that reflects common ancestry

A

Homology

19
Q

______: Similar traits developed because the environment is not common ancestry

A

Convergent evolution

20
Q

EX of _______: wings, auditory vocal learninMolecular methods (DNA sequence) - MUTATIONS g, fingerprints, camera eye, etc

A

Convergent evolution

21
Q

_______: misleading similarity or dissimilarity

A

Homoplasy

21
Q

Similar traits despite not being closely related

A

Homoplasy

22
Q

Convergent evolution
EX:

A

hippos and alligator

22
Q

________:
Species may be closely related to each other, but just because they have different lifestyles/environments they developed unique traits

A

Divergent evolution

22
Q

______ support the correct phylogeny; homoplasy’s are misleading

A

Homologies

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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