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Biology 1001 > Cycle 5 > Flashcards

Cycle 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are transposable Elements
Present in plant cells? Do they undergo transposition?

A

YES

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2
Q

When they do, they can interfere with a gene for example one that is involved in the ____________ of pigment production, and so the pigment is either produced or not produced (that is how u get different colors in the corn or kernel)

A

biosynthetic pathway

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3
Q

___-____% of human genes contain TEs (up to 1000 per gene)

A

70-80

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4
Q

TE: In the ______ region

A

intron

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5
Q

Not interfering with ______

A

splicing

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6
Q

Most TE are “____” due to inactivating mutations (cannot undergo transposition)

A

dead

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7
Q

The effect varies from _______ to ______

A

negligible to disease

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8
Q

Active TEs have evolved to insert into “____ ____” in the genome

A

safe havens

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9
Q

Genes produce ______ that inhibit jumping

A

proteins

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10
Q

The host _____ (inactivates) most active TEs

A

silences

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11
Q

What do transposable Elements do (what happens if they jump)? (2)

A

-TE lands in non-coding (safe haven) regions
-TE lands in a protein-coding gene:

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12
Q

Insertions can lead to disease-causing mutations (ex: _____ when no one in the family has a history)

A

hemophilia

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13
Q

HOW?

A

-Transposable element interferes with factor 8 gene
-This factor produces a protein involved in clotting your blood
L1 (type of TE that goes and inserts itself in the factor 8 gene by a transposition event)
-Therefore clotting gene is not funcitinobale

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14
Q

Insertions can also lead to gene ______

A

shuffling

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15
Q

HOW?

A

-Each gene has its own promoter
One promoter can activate more than one gene
Ex: promoter one is specific for Gene 1 and Gene 2, it activities they, promoter two is specific for Gene 3 and Gene 4
When TE lands in the region
Can leave part of its sequence in that original region and jump
The second thing it can do is take part of the sequence with it
OR third, take the entire gene with it
Inference causes nonfunctional protein
If TE is cut and pasted then gene 1 will be in control of the wrong promoter
Promoter determines expression
Gene 1 is now regulated under a different promoter
Now gene is transcribed and translated at the incorrect rate

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16
Q

___ elements cause disease
Most common TE
Has the ability to jump

A

Alu

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17
Q

List of mechanisms to generate genomic variation

A

DNA polymerase
Non-homologous End Joining
Slippage
Tautomeric shifts
Transposition

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18
Q

__________ makes errors as it adds bases during DNA synthesis

A

DNA polymerase

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19
Q

Sloppy mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks caused by ionizing radiation

A

Non-homologous End Joining

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20
Q

InDel mutation
Forward ______ on the template strand leads to deletion
Backward ______ on synthesized strand leads to insertion

A

Slippage

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21
Q

Spontaneous shift in the chemical form of nitrogenous bases changes preferential pairing
T and G shift from dominant keto form to rare enol form
A and C shift from domina amino to rare imino form

A

Tautomeric shifts

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22
Q

Cut/copy and paste transposable elements mostly between genes
More transposable elements are found in larger genomes

A

Transposition

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23
Q

______ was the first to pioneer how phenotypic expression is a result of different genes or alleles interacting with one another

A

Gregor Mendel

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24
Q

he used pea plants because (3)

A

-Fast generation time
-Easy to manipulate the peas
-Didn’t have scientific tools back in the day, relying on the naked eye (observable phenotype)

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25
Q

he concluded:
You need ___ alleles for one trait (mendelian form of inheritance)

A

2

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26
Q

Most of our inehetricen now are nonmendelian, but in fact, are ______ (many genes give rise to a specific phenotype)

A

polygenic

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27
Q

_______: The dominant one will express the phenotype

A

Heterogsyous

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28
Q

At the genetic level, what is the difference between a dominant vs receive allele?

A

At the DNA level: the sequence is different

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29
Q

______ in DNA means the gene is being transcribed and RnA is being made

A

Expression

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30
Q

Expression in _____: whatever is happening in the cell, the phenotype being expressed on the organism (color, shape, etc)

A

phenotype

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31
Q

T/F A recessive allele means it is not being expressed in the cell

A

FALSE: A recessive allele doesn’t mean it is not being expressed in the cell

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32
Q

Phenotypic expression is being masked by the gene, therefore _____

A

dominant

33
Q

Neither one of them is dominant and recessive, both are dominant
Both fully express their phenotype
Bloodtype is example

A

Codominance

34
Q

Neither allele can express its complete phenotype

A

Intermediate expression

35
Q

Gregor Mendel used _____ Crosses

A

Controlled

36
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions:
Variation in traits is due to _____ alleles
Alleles segregate _____ into gametes
Organisms inherit ___ alleles for each trait
Appearance of heterozygous is determined by _____ alleles

A

different
randomly (Law of random segregation)
two
dominant

37
Q

_______ Crosses Consider One Trait and Predict Distribution of Offspring

A

Monohydbrid

38
Q

_____: Is a form of non-Mendelian inheritance in which one gene is capable of interfering with the expression of another

A

Epistasis

39
Q

Alleles of two Genes Assort Indepnendlty in _____ Crosses

A

Dihybrid

40
Q

Depending on the _____ that your alleles express will determine what it can do in the cell which will determine the phenotype

A

version

41
Q

The _____ Gene plays a Role in Eye color

A

OCA2

42
Q

An example of ________ inheritance and interaction of different genes to produce a phenotype is eye color

A

non-mendelian

43
Q

OCA2 allele has different versions, One gets transcribed and translated into “__ protein”

A

p

44
Q

P protein is involved in the maturation of:

A

melanosomes

45
Q

Melanosomes are organelles inside your cell (in stroma) that produce and store ____

A

melanin

46
Q

_____ is a pigment that gives the dark color appearance

A

Melanin

47
Q

Less melanin = ____ phenotype

A

lighter

48
Q

People with brown eyes are producing more __ protein

A

p

49
Q

If you have blue eyes, then you have a different verison of OCA2 which results in ____ production of P protein

A

less

50
Q

Absorb light and reflect in specific ways (how ____ scatters light why eye color can change in the sun)

A

protein

50
Q

____ activates OCA2
Nonfunctional in blue eyes
Black and red are two extremes

A

HERC2

51
Q

People have different colored eyes based on whether you’re making melanin or not and the ____ of melanin

A

degree

52
Q

Another part is the other genes that are involved in eye color
They produce protein which absorbs _______ from visible light in a very specific way

A

wavelength

52
Q

_____ Disease is an Example of Incomplete Dominance in Humans

A

Tay Sachs

53
Q

T/F Sometimes melanocyte maturation can continue after birth that’s why eye color can change through the years

A

TRUE

54
Q

Two Incompletely Domainnt Allee Lead to an _________ Expression

A

Intermediate

54
Q

__ cannot make Hex A, therefore
rr enzyme cannot work

A

r

55
Q

_____ is a key enzyme that lysosome in brian depends on

A

Hex A

55
Q

Fatty structures accumulate in the brain, All molecules in the cell have to _____

A

recycle

55
Q

______: organelle that does the recycling

A

Lysosome

56
Q

We all have the same except the last ________, which determines blood type

A

terminal sugar

56
Q

______ Alleles are Equally Expressed in Heterozygotes

A

Codominant

56
Q

_______ is the enzyme
Forms glycosidic bonds
Add specific types of sugars

A

Glycocyltrangerase

56
Q

Alleles are located in the ___ chromosomes

A

sex

57
Q

Blood type is an example of:

A

Codominant alleles

57
Q

We code for the ____ that adds the last terminal sugar

A

enzyme

57
Q

______ Characteristics Follow Different Inheritance Patterns in Males and Females

A

Sex-Linked

58
Q

_______: a gene that you will inherit/cause the disease is on the x chromosome

A

X-linked disorder

59
Q

_____can be carriers because they can have one still that is fully functioning

A

Females

59
Q

If X linked ______ then one would be enough

A

dominant

59
Q

X linked Recessive means you’d need two ______ to be affected

A

bad copies

60
Q

____ cannot be carriers because if they have affected X then they have the trait

A

Females

60
Q

If trait is _____: then both will behave similarly

A

dominant

61
Q

FOR _______ (nonsex chromosomes), the probability is half (25% compared to 50%)

A

AUTOSOMAL

62
Q

Sex-linked chromosomes have a higher probably of appearing in offspring than _____ disorders

A

autosomal

63
Q

-Colour blindness is _____, men have more chance

A

x - linked

64
Q

Monohydbrid: __:___ phenotypic ratio

A

3:1

65
Q

Dihybrid: ::_;_phenotypic ratio

A

9:3:3:1

66
Q

ABO blood types based on surface ______

A

antigens

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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