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Biology 1001 > Cycle 10 > Flashcards

Cycle 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fitness benefit to recipient + Fitness benefit to actor (_______)

A

Cooperation

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2
Q

Fitness cost to recipient + Fitness benefit to actor (_______)

A

Selfishness

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3
Q

Fitness benefit to recipient + Fitness cost to actor (_____)

A

Spite

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4
Q

Individuals often appear to sacrifice their _____ for the good of others

A

fitness

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4
Q

Fitness cost to the recipient + Fitness cost to actor (______)

A

Altruism

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4
Q

Which type is most common and hard to reconcile with NS?

A

Altruism

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5
Q

Passing up opportunities to reproduce
Birds that help parents take care of children
Bees: whole groups of individuals that shut down ovaries and help the queen produce more sisters

EXAMPLE OF:

A

Ex: Reproductive altruism

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6
Q

One way individuals sacrifice their fitness:

A

Ex: Risking your own life for others

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7
Q

Is it “altruistic” to provide costly care to your descendants

A

NO: Parental care is not a problem for traditional NS theory
Providing care to your direct descents can be reconciled with how we think selection works
It isn’t exactly altruistic in the sense that you’re reducing your fitness because you sacrifice yourself so your offspring can survive (they are carrying your alleles, and your genes can survive/be passed onto the next generation)

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7
Q

____ selection: individuals act selflessly “for the good of the group”

A

Group

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8
Q

What is group selection and why is it not enough evidence?

A

Claimed that groups that are made up of good citizens will do better than groups composed of selfish individuals
We know now group selection is probably NOT a strong enough force to explain altruistic behaviors because even though yes, groups that are composed of mostly helpful individuals do better, it only takes one bad person to sneak in and be successful by others but not help
Free-rider problem

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9
Q

_______ theory:
Expands our view of fitness

A

Kin selection

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10
Q

_____ fitness
One way of getting your alleles into the next generation is by producing multiple offspring

A

Direct

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11
Q

_____ fitness
Also getting alleles by helping non-descent relatives survive and reproduce
Your relatives also have a lot of the same alleles that you do

A

indirect

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12
Q

If benefit to the actor’s indirect fitness outweighs the cost of the actor’s direct fitness, helping is favored by ______

A

kin selection

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12
Q

______ Rule: helpful behaviors favored if rb>c

A

Hamilton’s

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13
Q

_____ fitness
Direct fitness + indirect fitness

A

Inclusive

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14
Q

_____ (b) to actors relatives

A

Benefit

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15
Q

…does this outweigh the ___ (c) to actors’ direct fitness?

A

cost

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15
Q

Weighed by the degree of ______, r

A

relatedness

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16
Q

Five of your first cousins (r=0.125) and two of your half-siblings (r=0.25) are about to die. You have the opportunity to save them all, at the cost of your own life. According to kin selection, should you sacrifice yourself?

A

YES
(5x0.125) + (2x0.25) = 1.125 lives
1.125>1

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17
Q

A bird has the opportunity to help its parents raise four additional full siblings that would not have survived without its help OR to find a mate of its own and produce three offspring. What should the bird do?

A

(4x0.5) = 2
OR (3x0.5) = 1.5
Help raise siblings

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18
Q

Another bird, different options: Bird can help its mother and stepfather raise four additional half siblings that would not have survived without its help, OR to find a mate of its own and produce three offspring. What should the bird do?

A

(4x0.25) = 1
(3x0.5) = 1.5
Find a mate and produce its own offspring

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19
Q

_______: individuals have overlapping but not identical genetic interests with relatives

A

Genetic conflict

20
Q

______ in relatedness cause disagreement over when helpful behavior is appropriate

A

Asymmetries

21
Q

Hamilton’s Rule: helpful behaviors increase the helper’s _____ fitness if rb>c

A

inclusive

21
Q

_ = cost to the helper

A

c

22
Q

Could be re-writen as “helpful behaviors increase any individual’s inclusive fitness if ______”

A

r1b>r2c

22
Q

__ = focal individual’s relatedness to the recipient

A

r1

22
Q

To your parents, you and your brother are both equally important – parents hope that you help your brother if…

A

(0.5)(10)/0.5 = 10
b>10

23
Q

Helping your brother (r=0.5) will cost you 10 units of fitness (c=10). What benefit (b) to your brother makes this worthwhile?

A

r1b > r2c
Rearrange to b > r2c/r1

23
Q

To you, your brother is half as important as yourself – help your brother only if…

A

(1)(10)/1 = 20
b>5

23
Q

What about your father’s point of view?

A

No nonzero cost is acceptable

23
Q

__ = focal individual’s relatedness to the helper

A

r2

23
Q

__ = benefit to the recipient

A

b

24
Q

If b<5, or if b>20, there’s no ____

A

conflict

24
Q

To your brother, he is twice as important as you – brother hopes you will help if…

A

(0.5)(10)/1 = 5
b>5

24
Q

Many apparently altruistic behaviors can be explained by kin selection; others by ____ altruism (opportunities for future payback)

A

reciprocal

25
Q

What about your stepfather’s point of view?

A

Always help, even if c>20 units

25
Q

If you help your half-sister (same mother, different dads), her direct fitness will increase by 20 units(b=20).
From your mother’s point of view, when should you help? (What maximum cost to you?)
____

A

c<20

25
Q

Even when genetic interests overlap (between close relatives) they can be different enough to induce ___

A

conflict

25
Q

If you help your half-sister (same mother, different dads, r=0.25), her direct fitness will increase by 20 units (b=20). How much of a cost to your own direct fitness are you willing to incur to provide this help?
From your point of view

A

r1 =0.25 , r2 =1
helping your half-sib increases your
inclusive fitness if …
* help if and only if …
is r1b > r2c?
r1 = individual’s relatedness to the recipient of help
r2 = individual’s relatedness to the helper
b = benefit to the recipient of help
c = cost to the helper
r1b>r2c rearrange - r1b/r2>c
0.25(20)/1>c
5>c

26
Q

Focuses on _____ behavior

A

instinctive

26
Q

Many social behaviors that seem ‘altruistic’ can be explained by shared genetic interests - _____ not altruism

A

cooperation

26
Q

Hamilton’s rule and kin selection theory does ___ require animals to do math

A

not

26
Q

How can we explain helping behavior between unrelated individuals?

A

GAME THEORY
Two players playing a game and faced with two behaviors (good vs bad)
Payoff matrix (and each outcome depends on what the individual chooses to do, and also what partner does)
Prisoners dilemma

26
Q

Don’t need to know what your partner is going to do to make the most rational choice
Regardless of what your partner does, the rational thing is for you to:

A

no cooperate /cheat

27
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma outcomes:
1)______ (you cheat, partner cooperates)

A

Temptation

28
Q

2) _____ (you cooperate, partner cooperates)

A

Reward

29
Q

3) _____ (you cheat, partner cheats)

A

Punishment

30
Q

4) _____ (you cooperate, partner cheats)

A

Suckers payoff

31
Q

One solution to the dilemma:

A

repeated interactions between individuals

31
Q

Repeated interaction between individuals can favor _____

A

cooperation

31
Q

Individuals can recognize, remember, and reward helpful partners
Individuals can recognize, remember, and punish (or avoid) no-helpful
EX:

A

Primates (humans and monkeys)

31
Q

Selection can favor helping non-relatives if

A

they help you later

32
Q

‘______ altruism’ is a form of cooperation, not true altruism

A

Reciprocal

32
Q

____ and ___ social groups (increases likely hood of meeting them again)

A

Small and stable

33
Q

Human social emotions (trust, gratitude, resentment, guilt) may have evolved as adaptations for

A

social score-keeping

34
Q

True altruism is very ____ (selected against), but cooperation is widespread

A

rare

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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