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Biology 1001 > Cycle 7 > Flashcards

Cycle 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Reproducing sexually generates new multilocus combinations of _____

A

alleles

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction does not create new alleles, that is _______’s job

A

mutation’s

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3
Q

But, sex (producing gametes through meiosis and fusing) can create new ______ of diploid genotypes

A

combinations

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4
Q

T/F Over the entire human genome, > 10^600 possible combinations of alleles

A

TRUE

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4
Q

________: Only reproduce asexually

A

Obligately asexual

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5
Q

Examples of obligately asexual

A

-Budding/binary fission
-Also in some vertebrates: unfertilized diploid eggs develop into clones of the mother

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5
Q

Importance in terms of genetic ______: offspring genetically distinct from either parent and (usually) from each other

A

variation

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6
Q

________: Can produce sexual sometimes, or asexually

A

Facultatively sexual

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7
Q

Example of Facultatively sexual:

A

In some trees: Asexual vegetative propagation or sexual reproduction

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8
Q

Sexually reproducing species may be _____ (equal sized gametes) or _______ (gametes either small & motile or large & immobile)

A

isogamous
anisogamous

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8
Q

Some species can ________ (fuse gametes from the same individual to make a zygote), others cannot

A

self-fertilize

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9
Q

Monoecy (hermaphrodism) can be ______ or _______

A

simultaneous or sequential

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9
Q

______ species may have no distinct ‘mating type’

A

Isogamous

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10
Q

Individuals can be _____ (separate sexes)

A

dioecious

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10
Q

In monoecious: Each individual can produce male and female gametes at the _____ time

A

same

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10
Q

Anisogamous species usually have ___ sexes

A

two

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10
Q

NOW: most multicellular organisms, especially animals, reproduce ______ at least some of the time.

A

sexually

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11
Q

Or ______ (hermaphrodites)

A

monoecious

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11
Q

________ on the y-axis and ___ on the x-axis - the slope is positive meaning the bigger you are the more successful you’re at reproduction

A

reproductive success, size

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12
Q

______: Each individual throughout their life can change sex

Once reach the threshold body size or age

A

sequential

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12
Q

When should an individual be male, and when should they be female? (In what conditions should selection favor being male vs female?)

A

Size advantage model of sex change

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13
Q

2 BYA: bacteria start exchanging genes (______)

A

parasex

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13
Q

Sometimes sex seems like a bad idea…
(3 reasons)

A

Cost of mating: finding a mate is time-consuming and often risky
Cost of males: in most sexual species, only females can “grow” the population
Cost of meiosis: only pass half of your alleles to offspring

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13
Q

Sex is ________ (many things can go wrong)

A

complicated

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13
Q

______: M to F

A

Protandry

13
Q

______: F to M

A

Protogny

13
Q

3.5 BYA: the first cells reproduced _______

A

asexually

13
Q

Obligately ______ animals are rare and extinction-prone

A

asexual

13
Q

Without sex, deleterious mutations _______ in the population

A

accumulate

14
Q

1.2 BYA: ________ appears (specialized gametes, formed by meiosis, fuse to create a diploid zygote)

A

eukaryotic sex

14
Q

______ are unlikely to be able to infect new (rare) host genotypes

A

Parasites

14
Q

BUT bdelloid rotifers have been ________ for > 40 mya and still have not gone extinct

A

obligatory asexual

15
Q

Why is sex so widespread?
One explanation for the persistence of sex:
Over the long term, sexual recombination benefits the population by getting rid of harmful ______

A

mutations

15
Q

__________: keeping up with other species (much better supported)

A

Evolutionary arms races

15
Q

______ principle: running to stay in the same place

A

Red Queen

15
Q

___ “breaks the ratchet” by creating new genotypes:

A

Sex

15
Q

Some have even more deleterious ______, but some (‘rubies in the rubbish’) have fewer

A

mutations

15
Q

When is it advantageous to produce a diverse variety of offspring genotypes?
_________: more sex in unpredictable environments, less sex in stable environments (not well supported)

A

Lottery principle

15
Q

Another explanation for the persistence of sex:
Immediate benefits in certain ________

A

environments

15
Q

Reproducing sexually allows producing new and rare combinations of _____

A

alleles

15
Q

In many animals, members of one sex (usually _____) have exaggerated and costly traits that may reduce survival.

A

males

15
Q

_____ _____ favors traits that increase mating success

A

Sexual selection

15
Q

Sexual Selection: That is, traits that improve the ability to attract or compete for ____

A

mates

15
Q

Competing for access to mates, or, individuals of the choosy sex select mates in two ways: first ______ selection which is Direct competition

A

Intrasexual selection

15
Q

_______ selection: Choice

A

Intersexual

15
Q

Usually, but not always, males are the competing sex and females are the choosy sex… why? ______ places different selection pressures on males and females

A

Angiosamy

15
Q

In The Mating Game: Which player will probably win the mating game?
The highest quality male
The highest quality female
The male with the lowest standards
The female with the highest standards
All the players have an equal shot of winning

A

The highest quality male

15
Q

Which player will probably lose the mating game?
The lowest-quality male
The lowest-quality female
Tie between the lowest quality male and the lowest quality female
The player with the lowest standards
The mating game is so much fun that really, there are no losers

A

The lowest-quality male

16
Q

When playing the Mating game, which sex has a higher fitness ON AVERAGE
Males
Females
Average fitness is equal for both sexes

A

Average fitness is equal for both sexes

17
Q

When playing the Mating game, which sex has a higher POTENTIAL fitness?
Males
Females
Average fitness is equal for both sexes

A

Males (more variation/spread, more opportunity to contribute)

18
Q

Not the same for females (because we are constrained by how many eggs we can produce): Increasing fitness for females by…

A

mating with good quality males rather than more mates

18
Q

Why be choosy? (3)

A

-Direct benefits (attractive mates are good parents)
Food, territory, protection
-Indirect benefits (attractive mates have good genes)
Offspring survival
-Sexy sons/a taste of beautiful (attractive mates produce attractive offspring)

18
Q

Selective forces on males and females
How can males best increase their fitness?

A

More mates for males

19
Q

______ fitness is higher in males

A

Potential

19
Q

On _____ the same fitness between sex

A

average

20
Q

Males may have different _____ for long-term vs. short-term mates

A

standards

20
Q

Females may have different _____ for long-term vs short-term mates

A

priorities

20
Q

Sex differences in _______ and _______ determine which sex competes and which sex chooses

A

parental investment and potential fitness

20
Q

What if both sexes invest heavily in parental care?

A

Sexual selection still happens, but both sexes compete

20
Q

Mating preferences in humans?
What qualities are attractive in a partner?

A

Atratcve human: symmetry

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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