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Biology 1001 > Cycle 11 > Flashcards

Cycle 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______: Collection of individuals

A

Population

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2
Q

Original human population speciated from chimpanzees in central ____

A

Africa

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3
Q

________: Size per unit area

A

Population density

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4
Q

Is population density different in some parts of the world compared to others

A

yes

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5
Q

Factors that increase/decreased human population

A

Geographic range expands
Agriculture
Black Death The plague (decreased population)
Industrial Revolution - technological innovations, use of resources more effectively (HUGE increase)

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6
Q

The current human population (worldwide) is around __ billion

A

8.2

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7
Q

Populations grow if the rate of ____ (or immigration) is greater than the rate of ____ (or emigration)

A

births, deaths

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7
Q

_______ ______ models describe and predict how population size changes over time

A

Population growth

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8
Q

Per capita birth rate =
_____/_____

A

births per year (or new individuals entering the population)/population size

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8
Q

Per capita death rate =
_____/______

A

deaths per year (or individuals leaving)/population size

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9
Q

More births than deaths: r__0 (population grows)

A

r>0

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10
Q

More deaths than births: r__0 (population shrinks)

A

r<0

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11
Q

Per capita growth rate (r) =______ - _______

A

per capita broth rate - per capita death rate

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12
Q

Per capita growth rate is also called the ____ rate of increase

A

intrinsic

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13
Q

Humans, 2024 per capita: r - ______

A

0.009, or 0.9%

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14
Q

Faster per capita growth rates for organisms with _____ generation times (r is not constant among different species)

A

shorter

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15
Q

Ex: bacteria/single-celled organisms (shorter generation time, _____ values of r)

A

larger

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16
Q

Population growth models: ________ growth
Growth rate (dN/dt) = rN

A

Exponential

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17
Q

Does per capita growth rate change with population size?

A

Per capita growth rate doesn’t change with population size

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17
Q

The total growth rate accelerates as __ increases

A

N

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17
Q

__ can vary across habitats, over time, etc

A

K

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18
Q

Happens when conditions are ideal and resources are unlimited:

A

exponential growth

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18
Q

Population growth models: ____ growth
Eventually, resources become limiting and the population approaches its carrying capacity K

A

Logistic

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18
Q

Is exponential growth realistic?

A

NO

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19
Q

Adjusted for how close the population is to K

A

r x N x (K-N/K)

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20
Q

Per capita growth rate ______ as N increases

A

DECREASES

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20
Q

Carrying capacity (__)

A

K

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21
Q

Population growth curve =

A

r x population size (N)

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22
Q

The human population depends on:

A

Food
Water
Healthcare
Education
Contraceptive use
Economics
Culture

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22
Q

How do you think the human population will grow in the next 100 years? iclicker

A

Logistically

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23
Q

Two Environmental factors affecting population growth rates and size:

A

Density-dependent and
Density-independent

24
Q

_______: (have more impact on large populations)
influence increases or decreases with changes in population density

A

Density-dependent

25
Q

_______:
influence is the same on an individual regardless of population density

A

Density-independent

25
Q

Density-dependent factors (examples)

A

e.g. intraspecific competition for resources
Plants growing at high density produce fewer seeds
An important principle in agriculture

26
Q

Other density-dependent factors that regulate population size, besides intraspecific competition for food or space? (3)

A

-Parasites and communicable diseases
-Accumulation of waste or toxins
-Predation

27
Q

Species that interact (eg predator and prey) each have a ______ effect on the other

A

density-dependent

28
Q

Density-independent effects on population size examples:

A

Abiotic (non-living) component of the environment
extreme heat or cold
natural disasters (fire, hurricane, floods)

29
Q

Biological, intrinsic factors: (4)

A

-fecundity (potential reproductive output)
-age of reproductive maturity, reproductive lifespan
-number of offspring produced per reproductive event
-number of reproductive events in an individual’s lifetime

29
Q

Density-dependent and -independent factors can interact, give examples

A

Ex: extreme heat weakens health and increases susceptibility to disease
Ex: climate warming makes this rabbit more conspicuous to predators

30
Q

average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring:

A

generation time

31
Q

Bigger body organisms have a ____ generation time

A

longer

32
Q

_____ and population growth
number of individuals of each age
If the age pyramid has a wider base (more younger individuals), the ____ population likely to grow

A

Age structure
faster

33
Q

In humans, population growth & age structure are linked to _____ development

A

economic

34
Q

Stage 1: Preindustrial
High birth rates/high death rates = population _______

A

does not grow

35
Q

Stage 2: Transitional
High birth rates/low death rates (decreases first) = population ______

A

grows
Very rapidly

36
Q

Stage 3: Industrial
Both birth rates and death rates are relatively ___

A

low

36
Q

Stage 4: Postindustrial
Birth rates continue to decline, death rates don’t decline anymore so the population ______

A

decreases

37
Q

Which of the following is a factor contributing to the continued growth of the human population? iclicker
1. We have expanded our geographical range.
2. We have increased our carrying capacity by introducing agriculture.
3. Advances in public health have reduced the density-dependent effects of disease.
4. We have had more time than other species to evolve more successful adaptations to the environment

A

1,2,3

38
Q

Humans have big impacts on other species: Extracting and controlling resources and
______ impacts (pollution, climate change)

A

Environmental

38
Q

IPAT framework
Impact =

A

population size x Affluence x Technology

38
Q

The wealthiest populations, not necessarily the largest populations, have the biggest effect on:

A

the environment

39
Q

Humans are predators and ______

A

competitors

39
Q

Humans modify the ______
Effects carrying capacity

A

landscape

40
Q

Human activities change the _____

A

climate

40
Q

Humans cultivate some species for ____

A

food

41
Q

Only __ of the combined weight of mammals on Earth is wild

A

6%

42
Q

Humans try to conserve: re-introduce ______ species back to their historic range

A

threatened

42
Q

Biological control: introduce a ____ species to an area to control a local pest

A

new

43
Q

Population interact in different ways (_______ interactions), with different effects on each party

A

interspecific

43
Q

_____, _____, _____: +/-
Natural enemies
Predator/herbivor, parasites gets nutrients
Prey/plant/host is killed, injured or weakend

A

Predation, herbivory, parasitism:

43
Q

______: -/-
Both competitiers lose some resources
Would do better if other one is not there

A

Competition

44
Q

______: +/+
Both benefit from interacting with the other

A

Mutualism

44
Q

Commensalism: +/0
One party benefits, one is unaffected

A
45
Q

_______: -/0
One party is harmed, one is unaffected

A

Amensalism

45
Q

Many interactions are ______ (organisms live on or in another)

A

symbiotic

46
Q

_____ interactions can include paratism, mutualism, commneslaism

A

Symbiotic

47
Q

Which of the following types of interspecific interactions benefit BOTH species involved iclicker

A

Mutualism

47
Q

Population whose fitness is influenced by another population evolve adaptations to improve their ability to interact with the other
______and evolutionary ______

A

Coevolution and arms races

48
Q

Which type of inerspecific interaction is LEAST likely to result in coevoltuon iclicker

A

Commensalism (both speaisces arnet affected)

49
Q

Humans are part of the earth’s ___ webs and ecosystems

A

food

49
Q

______ (human-made arifticats) will eventually transform into geological layers

A

Technofossils

49
Q

Increaisng effect on ecosystems (orgnaisms and their physical enviorment) EX:

A

Technofossils (human-made arifticats) will eventually transform into geological layers
Climate warming and reduced sea ice
Rising levels of greenhouse gas (eg CO2)
Ocea acidifctiaon
Rising sea levels

50
Q

______: A new geological period, dating from around 500 to 70 years ago, due to human atcivties fundamentally changing Earth’s climate and ecosystems

A

Anthropoecne

51
Q

Rate of extinction is very ___ now

A

fast

52
Q

Is Anthropocene inevtiable?

A

NOT inevitable (mabe now that w eknow, we can prevent it)

52
Q

In the Anthropocene, humans are the main drivers of environmental change. How can we better regulate our effects on Earth’s systems and biodiversity?

A

To maintain or improve human quality of life without further cost to the environment, need cooperative, interdisciplinary research and initiatives.
Ecology, medicine, engineering, ethics, law, physiology, math, sociology, politics…

52
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the Anthropocene? iclicker
A. It is proof that a sixth mass extinction event is inevitable.
B. It is defined as having started in the year 2000.
C. It will be definitely be known as a geological period of predominantly negative human impacts on Earth’s systems.
D. It will be identifiable in rock layers of the future by the abundance of technofossils.

A

c

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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