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Biology 1001 > Cycle 4 > Flashcards

Cycle 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A mechanism for correcting errors made by DNA polymerase during replication

A

Mechanism of proofreading

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2
Q

A mechanism for correcting errors made during replication that escapes proofreading

A

Mechanism of mismatch repair

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3
Q

Mehcniamss for correcting various kinds of DNA damage, such as those caused by chemical and radiation

A

Mechanism of excision repair

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3
Q

2 main sources of DNA Damage

A

Exogenous and Endogenous

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4
Q

When each mechanism is most likely to be used
1) Proofreading:
2) Mismatch repair:
3) Excision repair:

A

1) During DNA replication
2) Immediately after DNA replication
3) Anytime during the cell cycle but usually in response to DNA damage

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5
Q

Endogenous (______ the cell)

A

within

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6
Q

Exogenous (sources ______ the cell)

A

outside

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7
Q

Exogenous EX: (3)

A

UV light, chemicals, ionizing radiation

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7
Q

Exogenous: Damages coming from the _______

A

environment

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8
Q

When UV hits your DNA, you get bonds formed between ___ (shouldn’t be formed bases in the same strand)

A

T-T

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9
Q

Less or more ROS as you age

A

More

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9
Q

_____ can cause a single-strand or double-strand break in DNA

A

Chemicals

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9
Q

We have ____ that will take care of the electron

A

enzymes

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10
Q

______ is the final electron acceptor (but if a single electron is given to O. will produce free radical)

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

O2 is normal, O2- (______) is free radical with extra e- {TYPE OF ROS}, not stable

A

superoxide

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10
Q

Metabolism {______ _______ _______ (ROS)}

A

Reactive oxygen species

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10
Q

electrons usually travel in pairs, but in ____ transporting them singularly

A

ETC

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11
Q

Dangour because can produce ______ (UNPAIRED ELECTRON in outer orbital) when misplaced

A

free radicals

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11
Q

____ Are highly reactive molecules
Has to give an electron to become stable, sp targets DNA, RNA, or protein (causes mutations)

A

ROS

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12
Q

________ react with this to convert to safe molecule

A

Antioxidants

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12
Q

Can use ____ in positive way, but for the most part if it starts to accumulate, not a good thing

A

ROS

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13
Q

O2- to H2O2 (nonfree radical ROS) to ____

A

H2O

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13
Q

Lead to errors while polymerase is making ______-strand

A

second

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13
Q

H2O can be converted to ____ (is a free radical ROS)

A

OH (hydroxyl)

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13
Q

Accidnelty add the _____ base

A

wrong

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13
Q

Substitution mutation also called
____ mutation it is when one base pair has been changed

A

Point

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13
Q

DNA replication errors:
The process occurs in the __ phase

A

S

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14
Q

Normal sequence = ____ type

A

wild

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14
Q

If the mismatch goes unchecked, becomes a _____ OR

A

mutant OR DNA slippage either forward or backward (can cause insertion or deletion mutations)

14
Q

_____(codon changes, codes for a different amino acid)

A

Missense

14
Q

_____ (premautre stop)

A

Nonsense

14
Q

_____ (leads to same amino acid, because of redundancy in codon)

A

Silent

15
Q

_______
Delete bases

A

Deletion

15
Q

DNA Damage or Mutation:
Single-stranded change

A

DNA Damage

16
Q

______
The sequence is exactly the opposite

A

Inversion

16
Q

DNA Damage or Mutation:
-Double-stranded change
-Complementary base pairing

A

Mutation

16
Q

Repair mechanisms: (2)

A

proofreading, mismatch repair

17
Q

Proofreading:
Done by ______ itself
Detects ______ in the backbone
Then starts moving backward: 3’-5’ exonuclease activity
Removes (as removing nucleotides), then starts moving forward once done

A

polymerase
distortion
3’-5’

17
Q

Cause of double-strand breaks:

A

Radiation damages DNA

18
Q

Double-strand breaks are repaired through:

A

Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)

18
Q

Repair of double strand break: ____ pieces the DNA back together but introduces errors

A

NHEJ

18
Q

_______
Extra bases that aren’t supposed to be there

A

Insertion

18
Q

NHEJ is slopping and can result in ______

A

mutation

18
Q

Repair enzymes:
____ done by polymerase alone
Requires the help of ______ ______ that will then come and cut the distorted part
Cuts it out, and then _____ repairs the gap
Sealed by ____

A

Not
repair enzymes
polymerase
ligase

19
Q

Slip backward (causes ____) and forms a little loop thinks it has not synthesized that part yet

A

insertion

19
Q

Some Mutagens are tautomerically unstable base “______”

A

analogues

19
Q

Hard to put it back as it was before: leads to ______ ______ or ______

A

Deletion, insertion, inversion

19
Q

Can also bring it back to wild type: a very high or low possibility?

A

LOW

20
Q

Delation is by _____ slippage

A

forward

20
Q

Spontaneous ______ shifts change base pairing “partners”

A

tautomeric

20
Q

InDel (insertion or deletion) Mutations due to DNA polymerase ________

A

Slippage

20
Q

Transposable Elements: the “______ Genes”

A

Jumping

20
Q

Transversion vs Transition: ______ are interchanges of two-ring purines (A G), or of one-ring pyrimidines (C T): they therefore involve bases of similar shape. ______ are interchanges of purine for pyrimidine bases, which therefore involve exchange of one-ring & two-ring structures.

A

Transitions, Transversions

20
Q

Spontaneous tautomeric shift: Different preferred partner
YES OR NOT COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING?

A

NOT

20
Q

More TE = Higher __ value

A

C

20
Q

Active TEs have evolved to insert into_______ ______ in the genome

A

safe heavens

20
Q

Transposable elements are Another way to get mutations

A

Another way to get mutations

21
Q

Are TE Present in every single organism?

A

YES

21
Q

___ of the human genome contains TEs

A

50%

21
Q

Most are:

A

dead/inactive

22
Q

The host ____ more active TEs
Put into _____ regions

A

silences, intron

23
Q

___ most common TE

A

Alu

24
Q

_______: Structural changes to the DNA, such as strand breaks or base modifications, which can be repaired.

A

DNA damage

25
Q

______: A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that isn’t repaired and is passed on during replication.

A

Mutation

26
Q

___: often neutral but can be linked to disease.

A

SNP Single base substitution;

27
Q

___: Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, potentially altering the reading frame.

A

InDel

28
Q

Discovered by ________ in maize, transposable elements (or “jumping genes”) are DNA sequences that move within the genome.

A

Barbara McClintock

29
Q

Why transposable elements can be considered biological mutagens.

A

They can insert into or near genes, disrupting function, leading to mutations, or altering gene regulation.

30
Q

What is the difference between DNA damage and a mutation?
A) DNA damage is when bonds in the DNA backbone are disrupted, and a mutation is when there are changes in the sequence of nitrogenous bases.
B) DNA damage is not heritable because it occurs when the DNA sequence in somatic cells is changed. A mutation is inheritable because it occurs when the DNA sequences in germline cells are Changed.
C) DNA damage is a single-stranded change in DNA sequence, while a mutation is a double-stranded change in DNA sequence
D) DNA damage occurs when exogenous sources cause a change in DNA sequence, while mutations occur when endogenous sources cause a change in DNA sequence.

A

C

31
Q

In addition to being an integral component in the synthesis of new strands of DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase III also has exonuclease activity that enables it to repair any mismatch errors it may make. What is the directionality of the exonuclease activity in DNA polymerase III?
A) Always 5’ to 3’
B) Always 3’ to 5’
C) 3’ to 5’ on the synthesized strand and 5’ to 3’ on the template strand
D) 5’ to 3’ on the synthesized strand and 5’ to 3’ on the template strand

A

B

32
Q

Which of the following enzymes are capable of cutting out short segments of DNA bases as part of a repair process?
1. Excision repair enzymes
2. Enzymes that conduct non-homologous end joining
3. Mismatch repair enzymes
4. DNA polymerase III 1.
A) 2 and 3
B) 1 and 3 (Excision repair enzymes and mismatch repair enzyme are able to cut through the phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. * DNA polymerase III only removes one base at a time.)
C) 2 and 4
D) 4 only
E) All of 1, 2, 3, and 4 are correct.

A

B

33
Q

Which of the following statements about ROS is correct?
A) Low levels of ROS can increase the oxidative stress levels in the cell.
B) ROS can achieve stability by stealing electrons from DNA.
C) The highly electronegative nature of ROS allows them to stabilize the genome.
D) ROS can increase the lifespan of an organism.

A

B

Biology 1001 (12 decks)

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