Cultural Norms, Values, & Dimensions

Question 1

Hall Model of Organizational Culture

Answer 1

separates cultural relationships into two classes: high contrast and low contrast

Question 2

High-Contrast Relationships

Answer 2

1 of 2 types of cultural relationships in the Hall Model; tend to last longer, have more defined patterns of behavior/boundaries of entry; ex. families, religious congregations, on-campus relations; may be more implicit communications, body language interpretation, shared values, high commitment

Question 3

Low-Contrast Relationships

Answer 3

1 of 2 types of cultural relationships in the Hall Model; tend to be short term, require more rules or structure; ex. cafeteria line, going through airport; may be more explicit communications, diverse beliefs, limited commitment

Question 4

Hofstede Model of Cross-Cultural Differences

Answer 4

identifies 6 values: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, long-term orientation vs short-term normative orientation; indulgence vs restraint

Question 5

Power Distance

Answer 5

1/6 Hofstede model values; social acceptability of power distinctions, like rich vs poor; in low-power distance societies, it’s undesirable to have high power distance, inequalities to a minimum; in high-power distance societies, it’s generally accepted, like castes, those of particular status receive privileges

Question 6

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 6

1/6 Hofstede model values; acceptability of ambiguity and unknown; strong UA = avoid risk, impose structure; low UA = risk is unavoidable

Question 7

Individualism vs Collectivism

Answer 7

1/6 Hofstede model values; relationship b/w society as a whole and the individual; Individualistic cultures = self-reliance, act in self-interest; power is more evenly distributed, economic mobility is attainable; Collective cultures = cohesiveness; loyal to group’s best interests; power contained within group, economic mobility is limited

Question 8

Masculinity vs Femininity

Answer 8

1/6 Hofstede model values; societal perception of value of typical male and female traits; Low-masculinity societies = accept blending of m/f roles; favor cooperation, modesty; High-masculinity societies = accept clearly defined gender roles; favor achievement, assertiveness, competition

Question 9

Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Normative Orientation

Answer 9

1/6 Hofstede model values; society’s propensity to remain traditional or change with the times; low score = skeptical of change, hold to their norms; high score = more likely to prepare for the future

Question 10

Indulgence vs Restraint

Answer 10

1/6 Hofstede model values; whether society values fun/gratification or regulation

Question 11

Schein’s Model of Organizational Culture

Answer 11

culture is rooted with the CEO and developed over time; this model separates culture into 3 core layers: 1) artifacts: most visible, like the vision, mission, dress codes, etc; 2) values & beliefs of employees, like thought patterns and organizations goals; 3) underlying assumptions: deepest layer, employee’s underlying assumptions, ideologies, perceptions of the organization