Culminating Deck: Respiratory/Immune Flashcards
What are the three steps of respiration, and what is occurring at each step?
- pulmonary ventilation, exchange w/ atmosphere and alveoli
- external respiration, exchange w/ alveoli and capillaries
- internal respiration, exchange w/ capillaries and cells
What are the two zones of the respiratory system, and what is contained by those zones/characterization.
Conducting zone = nose to terminal bronchioles. Ciliated epithelium, cartilaginous rings.
Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.
What are the three passages in the nose? The three bony protrusions? What are they lined by?
Superior, middle, inferior nasal meatuses.
Super, middle, inferior nasal concha.
Lined by mucosa.
What are the four sinuses on the skull?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Name the 4 types of bronchi and their location.
primary = entering lungs
secondary = entering lobes
tertiary = entering bronchopulmonary segments
terminal = entering lung lobules
Define hilum and carina.
Hilum = where BVs, airways, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit lung.
Carina = where trachea splits into primary bronchi.
Describe differences between the right and left lung.
Left = superior and inferior lobe, oblique fissure, cardiac notch.
Right = superior, middle, inferior lobe, horizontal and oblique fissures.
What are the three openings on the diaphragm and what do they accomodate?
Caval foramen = inferior vena cava
Esophageal hiatus = esophagus, vagus N
Aortic hiatus = desc thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, abdominal aorta
Which arteries, veins and nerves supply the thoracic cage? What innervates the diaphragm?
Arteries: Internal thoracic artery (big!), anterior/posterior intercostal arteries
Veins: anterior/posterior intercostal veins
Nerves: Intercostal, subcostal N
The diaphragm is innervated by phrenic N.
Which muscles are responsible for breathing? What is added during labored breathing?
external intercostal for inspiration
internal intercostal for expiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor are added.
What are the three pieces of cartilage of the external nose? Which two structures within the nose add moisture?
Septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, alar cartilage.
Nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses add moisture.
What are the three ‘phases’ of the larynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What is Boyles law?
Pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to its volume
What is Henry’s law?
More gas pressure = more solubility of gas
What is contained in the hilum? List from superior to inferior. Hint: use acronym
Acronym: ABV
Pulmonary artery
Primary bronchi
Pulmonary vein
What type of cells exist in the nasal cavity vs. the pharynx?
Nasal = pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Pharynx = stratified squamous
Differentiate tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
TV = volume inhaled/exhaled normally
IRV = max volume inhaled normally
ERV = max volume exhaled normally
Differentiate between vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity.
VC = max output after max input
IC = max inhaled after normal exhale
FRC = volume remaining after normal inhale
Differentiate between residual volume, total lung capacity, and force exp volume.
RV = remaining volume after forceful exhale
TLC = total air lungs can hold
FEV = volume exhaled in 1st second of forceful breath
What is Dalton’s law?
Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, and the total pressure of gas is the sum of all partial pressure.
What are the three factors that influence the movement of O2/CO2 across a respiratory membrane?
- partial pressure
- alveolar ventilation/perfusion into blood
- structural characteristics of respiratory membrane
As acidity increases, what happens to affinity of hemoglobin?
O2’s ability to attach to hemoglobin DECREASES because oxygen wants to enter tissues.
What are the three ways that CO2 is transported in the blood?
- dissolved CO2 in plasma
- carbamino compounds
- bicarbonate ions
Where are baroreceptors located and what do they do?
Located in walls of bronchi/bronchioles, prevent alveolar bursting.
