Culminating Deck: Cardiology Flashcards by Isobel Speiran

What are the three layers of PERICARDIUM?

visceral pericardium, pericardial sac, parietal pericardium

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What is contained in the middle mediastinum? Hint: use acronym

Acronym: HAPP
Heart
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Phrenic nerves

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What is contained in the anterior mediastinum? Hint: only 1 structure

Thymus

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What is contained in the posterior mediastinum? Hint: use acronym

Acronym: DEVL-T
Descending thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Vagus N
Lymph nodes
Thoracic duct

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What is contained in the superior mediastinum? Hint: use acronym

Acronym: ATE
Aortic arch
Trachea
Esophagus

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What two sulci exist on the heart?

Coronary, interventricular sulci

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Draw the heart and label where the 6 coronary arteries, 5 coronary veins supply/take blood.

CORONARY ARTERIES
right coronary artery: RA
left coronary artery: LA
marginal artery: RV
circumflex: LA, LV
posterior: RV, LV
left anterior descending: RV, LV

CARDIAC VEINS
small: RA, RV
anterior: RV
middle: RV, LV
great: RV, LA, LV
sinus: drains all veins

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Name what is contained in three tunica in arteries.

Intima: basement membrane, endothelium, internal elastic lamina
Media: elastic, smooth muscle, external elastic lamina
Externa: elastic, collagen, vasa vasorum

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Name what is contained in the three tunica in veins.

Intima: basement membrane, endothelium
Media: smooth muscle
Externa: elastic, collagen, vasa vasorum

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Which type of vessel has more smooth vs. fibrous tissue? Which has a thicker muscular layer?

Smooth = arteries
Fibrous = veins
Arteries have a thicker muscular layer.

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Describe what happens to chordae tendinae/papillary muscles.

Systole: papillary tight to stop mitral valve prolapse into atria.
Diastole: papillary slack to allow AV valve to open.

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What are the functions of the two types of pericardium?

Serous = secrete serous fluid
Fibrous = dense irregular CT to protect and anchor heart

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Name the 3 types of inflammation/infection for the three layers of heart wall.

Epicarditis: pus accumulation, fluid
Myocarditis: viral infection, strep, radiation
Endocarditis: bacterial infection, lethal

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What are the four purposes of the fibrous skeleton?

provide structure for valves
electrically separate ventricles from atria
muscle attachment sites
maintains valve diameter

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What causes stenosis, and name the three types. What causes MVP?

3 types of stenosis: pulmonary, aortic, mitral. Caused by scarring, defect, age-related.
MVP = mitral valve prolapse. Caused by genetic/connective tissue disorder.

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Name two differences between the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems.

Pulmonary = right side of body, oxygenation/removal of CO2
Systemic = left side of body, delivery and waste removal

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What are the three unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
What are the 5 paired arteries?

Celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric.
Lumbar (4), renal, suprarenal, gonadal, common iliac.

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What 5 organs does the celiac branch supply?

Pancreas, duodenum, spleen, liver, stomach

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What do the sup/inf mesenteric arteries supply?

Sup = pancreas, small intestine, part of large intestine
Inf = part of large intestine

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What are the three veins involved in the hepatic portal system?

Hepatic portal vein, inf/sup mesenteric veins

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What are the six types of blood vessels?

Conduit, capacitance, distributive, exchange, lymph, resistance

What is the difference between elastic and muscular arteries? Give 2 examples of muscular arteries.

elastic = conduction
muscular = distributing
ex. femoral, brachial arteries

What are the 3 types of capillaries and where are they found?

Continuous: brain, lungs, muscle
Fenestrated: kidney, choroid plexus
Sinusoidal: RBM, liver

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system, and what are 3 processes that aid lymphatic return?

FUNCTIONS
1. drain interstitial fluid, return to blood
2. carry out immune processes
3. transport nutrients from GI tract

PROCESSES
1. skeletal muscle pump
2. respiratory pump
3. valves

What three structures branch off of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk, left carotid, left subclavian arteries

What are desmosomes?

Intercellular junctions that bind cells together in tissues under mechanical stress, such as the heart.

What do intercalated discs in myocytes contain?

Intercalated discs contain desmosomes, gap junction.

Name the five structures responsible for electrical cardiac conduction, and their location.

sinoatrial node: RA atrioventricular node: RA atrioventricular bundle: RA/LA bundle branches: RV/LV purkinje fibers: below RV/LV

What are inotropes? How would a positive inotrope act?

Inotropes are substances that change the strength of heart contractions by altering the movement of Ca2+ through the channels. Positive = increasing contraction by enhancing Ca2+ influx.

Name the 6 steps of ECG waves.

atrial dep. atrial sys. (contraction) vent. dep. vent sys. (contraction) rep of vent. vent. diastole (relaxation)

What is stroke volume? Formula and meaning?

Volume of blood ejected from LV/RV into the aorta/PT per heartbeat. SV = EDV - ESV. SV = ml/beat. EDV = end diastolic volume. ESV = end systolic volume.

Describe cardiac output and its formula.

Volume of blood ejected from LF/RV into aorta/PT each minute. CO = HR * SV

What is the formula for cardiac reserve?

Cardiac output (max) - cardiac output (rest)

What are the three factors that regulate stroke volume?

Preload - degree of stretch on heart before contraction. Contractility - forcefulness of contraction on ind. vent. muscle fibers Afterload - pressure vents must overcome before semilunar valves open.

What is pulse pressure? MABP?

Pulse pressure = diff between systolic/diastolic BP MABP = mean arterial blood pressure

Name the three factors that affect BP.

1. systemic vascular resistance 2. blood volume 3. cardiac output

Name the two 'forces' that change BP.

neural: baroreceptor, chemoreceptor reflexes hormonal: epi/norepi, ADH

How do ADH and ANP work agonistically?

ADH: post posterior pituitary. Causes vasoconstriction, renal reabsorption of water and sodium. ANP: senses atrial stretch. Causes vasodilation, renal excretion of water and sodium.

Name the 4 types of shock.

Obstructive, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive

What are the three short-term effects of hormonal regulation of BP by catecholamines?

Increases HR/contraction, vasoconstriction of skin and abdominal organs, vasodilation of cardiac & skeletal muscle

Explain the three mechanisms to reduce blood loss.

vascular spasm: vasoconstriction platelet plug coagulation

What role does ADP have in platelet plug formation? Serotonin?

ADP = helps platelets stick Serotonin = maintain vasoconstriction

List the four steps of insoluble fibrin formation.

1. thrombin 2. fibrinogen (soluble) 3. loose fibrin threads (insoluble) 4. strengthened fibrin threads

What two cells repair the BV when damaged?

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells

Name the four steps of fibrinolysis.

1. plasminogen (clot) 2. plasmin (active) 3. breakdown of fibrin 4. dissolution of clot

Order of the layers of the heart wall and pericardium, from deep to superficial (5)

Endocardium, myocardium, visceral serous pericardium (epicardium), parietal serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium

Closing of the precapillary sphincters prohibit blood from entering which structure?

True capillary

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states what?

The more the heart is stretched the stronger the force of contraction

Where do action potentials slow down in the cardiovascular system?

AV node

A decrease in blood pressure will result in a ____________ in baroreceptor stretch, and subsequently lead to a _____________ response.

Decrease, sympathetic