CSC Flashcards
Depict=describe،=draw,=illustrate
Accrue= to accumulate,= increase
Aggregate(v,n)= total,=accumulation
Segregate=separate,=isolate
.Promissory
به تصویر کشیدن
جمع کردن،
تفکیک کردن،سوا کردن
.الزام آور،وعده آور
Foreshadow= predict,=signal
Denominate=name,=call,=entitle
Conventional=ordinary,=normal,=banal
Covenant(n,v)=agreement,=promise,=pledge،=contract
پیشبینی کردن،از پیش حاکی بودن
نامیدن،معین کردن
رایج،مرسوم،عرفی
عهد،تعهد کردن،قرارداد
Retract=deny,=withdraw,= take back,=disclaim
Retractable#extendible
Negotiable
Marketable
منقباض کردن،جمع کردن، پس گرفتن قول
جمع شدنی،
قابل معامله،قابل انتقال
قابل عرضه،فروش
In tandem(with)= doing something together or at the same time as someone or something else
Postulate(v,F)=assume,=theorize
Upward/downward sloping/ humped curve
انجام چیزی با هم،
مسلم فرض کردن،فرض نمودن
Cumbersome=burdensome,=onerous
Property= asset,=feature
Curtail(v,F)= decrease
Proprietary= ownership
طاقت فرسا،سنگین
دارایی،ویژگی،
مختصر کردن
مالکانه،
Commentary(n)= description,=explanation
Custodian=keeper,=guardian
Numerator# denominator
Staple(n,adj)=principal,=fundamental
تفسیر،
نگهبان،متولی،
مخرج کسر#صورت کسر
جز اصلی،عمده،
Pertain=to relate,=to be relevant
Liability = responsibility,=obligation,=debt
Halt(v)=to stop,=pause
Coalition= alliance,=union,=association
Coalition Government = government made up of members of more than one political party
مرتبط بودن،وابسته بودن
تعهدومسئولیت،دین،بدهی،
متوقف کردن،شدن،
ائتلاف، همبستگی،اتحاد
Implicate=incriminate,=associate,=involve
Implication=meaning
Incriminate=accuse,=blame
Incorporate =integrate,=merge,=include
دلالت داشتن،مستلزم بودن،مشمول کردن
استنباط،دلالت،تلویح
مقصر دانستن،تهمت زدن،
متحد کردن،ثبت کردن(شرکت)،تاسیس کردن،داخل کردن
Consolidate=merge,=fortify,=amalgamate
Implement =carry out,=enforce,=execute
Hedge(v,n)=barrier,=boundary,=to evade(to avoid giving a direct answer to a question),=to cover,=flannel(BR, to say things that have no real meaning in order to avoid answering a question directly or to hide your lack of knowledge)
Buttress(n,v)=support,=back up
ادغام،یکی کردن،تحکیم
به کار بردن،اجرا کردن،پیاده کردن،ایفا کردن
حصار،مانع،احاطه کردن، طفره رفتن،اززیر چیزی در رفتن
پشتیبانی کردن،پایه،نگهدار،حائل
Cave=to ask,=to desire
Receptive=open,=interested,=susceptible
Susceptible=inclined,=disposed،=sensitive
Onerous(ly)=difficult,=burdensome,=demanding
آرزو کردن،طلبیدن،
پذیرا،شنوا،
مستعد،درمعرض،اماده
سنگین،دشوار،طاقت فرسا
Correlate(v,n)=match,=correspondant,=counterpart
Counterpart=mate,=supplement
Corollary(F,n) of/to=result,=consequence,=effect
Contingent(F,adj)upon/on=conditional,=relative,=accidental
Further investment is contingent upon the company’s profit performance.
وابستگی،ارتباط داشتن،ربط دادن،همبستگی داشتن
شریک،همکار،قرین
استنباط،نتیجه،
مشروط،وابسته،
Yardstick=measure,=standard,=benchmark,=criterion
Arithmetic =calculation,=computation
Compile=collect,=put together,=amass
Composite(n,adj)=compound,=complex
مقیاس،پیمانه
محاسباتی،حسابی
جمع آوری کردن،گردآوردن،تألیف کردن
مرکب،مخلوط
Discretionary=optional,=facultative
Exhaustive=comprehensive,=complete,=thorough ,=full-scale
Deem(v)=consider,=reckon,=believe
Idle(adj,v)= to dawdle,=to laze,=inactive,= lazy,= out of use
Idol=hero
اختیاری،میلی،واگذارشده به نظر شخصی
جامع،کامل،فراگیر
پنداشتن،فرض کردن
بیهوده،بیکار،بیکار شدن،آزاد گشتن،تنبل شدن،بیخود
بت،قهرمان،اسطوره
Drastic=extreme,=radical,=severe,=harsh
Adverse(adj)=unfavorable,= negative,=hostile
Dichotomy(n,f)=difference between two things(Ideas)totally opposite
Frenzy(n,)=rage
جدی،شدید،کاری
نامساعد،مضر،ناسازگار،مخالف،مغایر
دوگانگی،دوحالتی
آشفتگی،دیوانگی
Breakthrough =progress,=leap
Latter=last,second#former
Arbitrage= The simultaneous buying and selling of the same commodity or foreign exchange in two or more markets in order to take advantage of price differentials
Salient(F,adj)=prominent,=noticable,=outstanding
پیشرفت ،جهش اساسی،
اخیر،دومی
معامله باسود،
برجسته،نمایان،
Intrinsic= basic,=natural,=essential,=inborn=inherent#extrinsic
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something
Earmark(v)=to reserve,= to allocate،=allot,=to decide that something will be used for a particular purpose or have something done to it in the future
Levy(n,v)=impose,=charge
Cascade(n,v)=fall,=flow,=overflow
ذاتی،درونی،باطنی،بی واسطه،
تخصیص دادن،کنار گذاشتن،
مالیات وضع کردن،اخذ هزینه، تحمیل هزینه ,هزینه،خراج
آبشار،آبشاری ریختن،
Entity=being,=thing
Distinct=different,=clear,=seperate
-Resolution,=decision,=determination,=intention
Remittance,=payment,=allowance,=fee
remit(v,F)= to send,transmit,=to free someone from a debt or punishment
remit something to somebody/something = to send a proposal, plan, or problem back to someone for them to make a decision about
The court remitted the matter to the agency for reconsideration
موجودیت،نهاد،ذات،هویت
متمایز،مجزا،قابل تشخیص،ممتاز
قطعنامه،تصمیم،نیت،حل-
واریز وجه،پرداخت،تأدیه،واریز کردن,معاف کردن،آمرزیدن،بخشیدن
Preside(v),=run,,=chair,=administer,= to be in charge of a formal event, organization, ceremony etc
Customary=common,=usual,=routine
Comprehensive=broad,=complete,=all-inclusive,= thorough
Thorough=careful,=assiduous ,=absolute,=complete,=outright
ریاست کردن،سرپرستی کردن،اداره کردن
مرسوم،متداول،متعارف
جامع،فراگیر،وسیع
کامل و دقیق،از اول تا آخر،کامل،تمام
Attribute(v,n)=refer,=assign,=charge،quality,=aspect
Solvency(n)#insolvency,= having enough money to pay your debts
Viability
Inadvertent=careless,=thoughtless,=unintentional,=unplanned#advertent
نسبت دادن،ویژگی،مشخصه،
قدرت پرداخت دین،
ادامه حیات،قابلیت دوام،قابلیت سوددهی(بازرگانی)
بی ملاحظه،سهوی،غیر عمدی
Statutory=mandatory
Statutory age/emplyment rights
Rescind,=annul,=cancel,=invalidate,=repeal,=revoke
Rescission
Prospectus=catalogue,=a document produced by a company that wants the public to buy its shares
Prospectus=expectation,=anticipation,=outlook,=possibility
مقرر،قانونی،طبق قانون
لغو کردن،باطل ساختن،فسخ کردن،
فسخ،ابطال،لغو
شرح آگهی،اطلاعیه،
جنبه،احتمال،امکان،انتظار
Allege=claim,declare,=state
Appraise(f)=evaluate,=assess,estimate
Rigorous = careful, thorough, and exact ,2-very severe or strict, =severe,=rigid,=strict,=stern,=stringent#lenient,soft
adhere to(f)=to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement, or belief, 2-to stick firmly to something
ادعا کردن،اظهار کردن،دلیل آوردن
برآورد کردن،ارزیابی کردن،تخمین زدن
سختگیر،شدید،
پایبند بودن،وفادار بودن،
Tender(n,adj,v-F)=bid,=offer/gentle,=caring,=kind/to offer,to propose,to submit
Benchmark=reference point,=measure,=norm,yardstick
Lien(n)= law the legal right to keep something that belongs to someone who owes you money, until the debt has been paid
،پیشنهاد،مناقصه(مزایده)،نرم،باملاحظه،پیشنهاد رسمی قیمت دادن،
نقطه مبنا،معیار،
حق تصرف وثیقه، حق تصرف مال یا ملکی تاهنگامیکه بدهی وابسته به ان داده شود
Red herring(idiom)= something that takes people’s attention away from the main subject being talked or written about
Lateral=sideways,= relating to the sides of something, or movement to the side ,=2. relating to positions, jobs, relationships etc that are at the same level or rank
Multilateral
Tabular= arranged in rows across and down a page, in the form of a table
Dormant=inactive,=suspended,= not active or not growing at the present time but able to be active later
موضوع مطرح شده برای فرار از طرح موضوع مورد بحث، (ز.ع). پی نخود سیاه فرستادن
جانبی،پهلویی،عرضی،در عرض
چندجانبه،چندپهلو،چندبر
غیرفعال،خوابیده،
Escrow= money, land, or a written contract etc that is held by someone who is not directly involved in an agreement while the agreement is being achieved
Dwindle=decline,=shrink,= to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller.
Tailor(n,v)=dressmaker,=couturier/ =adap,=adjust,=customize,=style,=fashion
حق) سندرسمی که بدست شخص ثالثی سپرده شده و پس از انجام شرطی قابل اجرایا قابل اجرا یاقابل ابطال باشد
تحلیل رفتن،تدریجی کم شدن،
خیاط، دوزندگی کردن،درخور کردن،مناسب کردن
Venture(n,v)=risk,=hazard,=undertaking,=speculate
Lot(n)=batch,=bunch
Dire=disastrous,=awful,=critical,= extremely serious or terrible
جسارت،ریسک،معامله قماری کردن،
توده،دسته،سری،انبوه
وخیم،ترسناک،مهلک،
Sheer(adj)=absolute,=total،=(
Sheer away/off=(to change direction suddenly, especially in order to avoid something (v)=swerve
Shed(n)=outhouse,=shack
Shed(v)=give out,=radiate,=emit,=scatter
Shed light on sth=make it easy to understand
محض،خالص،انحراف,
کنار رفتن،تغییر مسیر دادن
آلونک،انباری بیرون خانه
پوست انداختن،جاری ساختن،افشاندن
Exacerbate=make a bad situation worse ,=embitter,aggravate
Disseminate=spread,=broadcast
Alleviate=to ease,=to moderate,=to releive= to make something less painful or difficult to deal with #aggravate
Weather(v)=endure,=withstand,=resist,=survive
بدترکردن،تلخ کردن،ناگوار کردن
ارسال کردن،پخش کردن
تسکین دادن،آرام کردن،سبک کردن،
تحمل کردن،از پس برآمدن
Precede(V,F)=come first،= to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else in a series ⇒ preceding:
a type of cloud that precedes rain
Symmetry(n)=balance,=order,=regularity//symmetrical(adj)
Quantitavie(f)= relating to amounts rather than to the quality or standard of something
#qualitative
مقدم بودن،اسبق بودن
تقارن،تناسب،تشابه
کمی
کیفی
Protract=extend,=lengthen,=prolong # curtail
Momentum(n)=impetus,=force,=strenght
Wane(n,v)=declining,=decreasing,=weakening/,=decrease,=lessen,=decline
Intuition=insight,=instinct
Delve=explore,=look into=(into/in)to search for something by putting your hand deeply into a bag, container…
He delved into his pocket and brought out a notebook
طول کشیدن،کش دادن،
تکانه،شتاب حرکت،شدت
کم شدن،افول،به آخر رسیدن،نقصان
شم،بصیرت،بینش
کاوش کردن،حفر کردن
Elapse(F)=to pass
Several months elapsed before his case was brought to trial
Deviate=differ,=diverge,= to change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behaviour (deviate from)
Falter=hesitate,=stammer,=stumble
Stagnant=still,=quiet
سپری شدن،گذشتن،منقضی شدن
منحرف شدن،برگشتن
گیر کردن،لکنت پیدا کردن،تزلزل یا لغزش داشتن
راکد،ایستا،
Interrelate= if two things interrelate, they are connected and have an effect on each other:
We will be discussing how the interests of state, parent and child interrelate.
Sustain=maintain,=keep alive,(f)=withstand(endure),(f)=support(f)
Span(n,v)=amount,=extend across(v)
Avert(v)=turn away,=avoid
Averse(adj)=unwilling,=reluctant,=(f)unwilling to do something or not liking something
Be averse to sth
وابسته به بودن
نگه داشتن،زنده نگه داشتن(کمک کردن)،متحمل شدن،حمایت کردن
طول کشیدن،فاصله،محدوده،گستردگی،
جلوگیری کردن،دفع کردن،
مخالف،
Outstrip=surpass,=exceed,=excel
Increment(f,n)=increase,=gain
Pivotal=crucial,=central
Recoup=recover,=regain,=retrieve,=compensate
The movie will have to be a huge hit to recoup its cost.
پیشی گرفتن،جلوافتادن،
نمو،توسعه،رشد،افزایش
محوری،اساسی
جبران کردن،تلافی کردن(loss)
Garnishment= A legal proceeding whereby money or property due a debtor but in the possession of another is applied to the payment of the debt owed to the plaintiff.
=A court order directing a third party who holds money or property belonging to a defendant to withhold it and appear in court to answer inquiries.
Premise(n)=assumption
Premises= [plural] the buildings and land that a shop, restaurant, company etc uses:
Schools may earn extra money by renting out their premises.
اخطاری که به شخصی که اموال دیگری در ید او توقیف شده است
پیش فرض،ساختمان وزمین
Condense,=compress,=concentrate
Stance(n)= position,=attitude,=viewpoint
Hallmark(n,v)=seal,=mark,=sign,=symbol
Inception(f)=beginning,=initiation#termination
متراکم کردن،غلیظ کردن،خلاصه کردن،منقبض کردن،مختصر و مفید کردن
موضع،دیدگاه،حالت
انگ زدن،نشان،عیار گذاشتن
آغاز،شروع،اصل
Pitfall=trap,=danger,=difficulty
Encroach=intrude,=infringe,=overstep,=usurp
=To gradually take more of someone’s time, possessions, rights etc than you should
encroach on/upon
Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual.
Stray(n,adj,v)=(v)wander,(adj)=lost,abandoned,
(n)=1. an animal that is lost or has no home 2. informal someone or something that has become separated from others of the same kind
Waif(n)= 1. someone, especially a child, who is pale and thin and looks as if they do not have a home2. waifs and strays British English children or animals who do not have a home:
She loved cats, and would take any waifs and strays into her home.
تله،گودال
تخطی کردن،تجاوز کردن
سرگردان شدن،آواره شدن،ولگرد،جانور بی صاحب
بچه بی صاحب،آدم دربدر
Wander(v)=
to walk slowly across or around an area, usually without a clear direction or purpose
wander in/through/around etc
I’ll wander around the mall for half an hour.
She wandered aimlessly about the house.
Ana wandered off to get a drink.
He was found wandering the streets of New York.
Move away= Don’t let any of the kids wander off.
minds,thoughts=Mrs Snell’s mind wandered and the voices went on and on.
conversation(from,of)= Pauline started to wander from the point
Hands= if a man’s hands wander, he touches the body of a woman he is with, especially where she does not want him to:
Be careful, he’s got wandering hands
(N)= noun [singular] British English
a short relaxed walk Synonym : stroll
take/go for/have a wander
I had a bit of a wander round the shops
سرگردان بودن،پرسه زدن،بدون هدف گشتن
Disperse(v)=scatter,=spread,=diffuse#collect,assemble
Dispersion
Bullion
Perish(v,f)=die,=decay,=expire,=destroy
Non-perishable commodities such as gold.
Proportionate(f)
پراکنده شدن،متفرق شدن
پراکندگی،
شمش
خراب شدن،هلاک شدن،منقضی شدن،فاسد شدن
متناسب
Hamper(v)=hinder,=prevent,=obstruct
Realm(n)=kingdom,=territory,=country
Entail(v)=require,=involve,=necessiate
Myriad=(adj)=innumerable,countless,=(n)army,multitude
مانع شدن،مختل کردن
قلمرو،حوزه،متصرفات،مملکت
شامل شدن،دربرداشتن،مستلزم بودن
بیشمار،هزاران
Empirical=experiential,=practical
Incentive=encouragement,=bait،=motivation
Hurdle(v)=(n)fence,=barrier،= a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something
Anomaly(f)=irregularity,=abnormality,=oddity
تجربی،عملی
مشوق،انگیزه،
مانع،از روی مانع پریدن
برخلاف قاعده،غیرمتعارف،نابهنجاری
Sovereign(n.F,adj)=n.monarch,=chief,emperor/adj=supreme,=absolute
Verge,(n)=edge,border,,boundry/
.Verge on(v)=approach,=come near
Be on the Verge of sth= to be at the point where something is about to happen
Permissible(F)=permitted,=authorized,=acceptable#impermissible
Precipitate(adj)=hasty,=heedless/v(F)=quicken,=accelerate،=expedite
فرمانروا،حاکم، والامرتبه،خوب وممتاز
لبه،نزدیکی
نزدیک شدن.
مجاز،جایز
سریع،ناگهانی,تسریع کردن،
Endeavor(n)=attempt,essay,try,hassle/v= try,assay,struggle,attempt
Resonate(v)= if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this
Enact(v)=establish,=authorize,=command#annul,cancel,revoke
سعی کردن،تلاش کردن،کوشیدن
طنین انداختن،پیچیدن
وضع کردن قانون،به اجرا درآوردن
Skew(v)=slant,=angle,=bias
Kurtosis(n)
Tenure(n)= (F)the period of time when someone has an important job,=
3. law the legal right to live in a house or use a piece of land for a period of time
Annuitant(n)=One that receives or is qualified to receive an annuity.
کج حرکت کردن،اریب رفتن،نامتوازن رفتن
کشیدگی
جایگاه،تصدی،تصرف
مستمری بگیر،
Probate(v)= to prove that a will is legal,/(n)= law the legal process of deciding that someone’s will has been properly made
Dissolve(v)=melt,=liquify,=discontinue,= if a solid dissolves, or if you dissolve it, it mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it.= to formally end a parliament, business arrangement, marriage etc.
Ineptitude(F)=incompetence,=inexpertness,=clumsiness
The ineptitude of the people in charge
تصدیق گواهی انحصار وراثت،تصدیق صحت وصیتنامه کردن،
منحل کردن،فسخ کردن،حل کردن
نادانی،بی عرضگی
Niche(n)=corner,
= if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you:
Amanda soon found her niche at the club.
He’s managed to create a niche for himself in local politics.
= an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc
niche in
He spotted a niche in the market.
(Adj)= relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc:
niche marketing
a niche market/product
طاقچه،تو رفتگری دیوار،
Allure(n)= attractiveness, appeal, attraction, charm, enchantment, enticement,
(V)=attract, captivate, charm, enchant, entice, lure, persuade, seduce
allure of
the allure of foreign travel
At 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure.
harmonies that never fail to allure the listener
Contemplate(v)=consider,=think about,=look at
Albeit(F)=although
Bout(n)=period,=term,=contest,=encounter= a short period of time during which you do something a lot, especially something that is bad for you:
A bout of unemployment
شیفتن،به طمع انداختن،تطمیع کردن
اندیشیدن،تفکر کردن،درنظر داشتن
اگرچه
دوره،کشمکش،تقلا،
Plunge(n)=drop,=dive,fall,jump/(v)= to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards,= if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount,= to start talking or doing something quickly and confidently, especially without thinking about it first.
Akin(adj,F)=related,=affiliated,=similar
akin to something very similar to something:
Something akin to panic overwhelmed him.
Relinquish(v,F)=give up,=cede,=abondon,=renounce
به شدت کاهش یافتن،سقوط کردن،غوطه ور شدن،ناگهانی داخل شدن،
یکسان،مرتبط،وابسته
رها کردن،صرفنظر کردن،چشم پوشیدن
Emanate(v,F)=flow,=derive,=stem,=arise
Wonderful smells were emanating from the kitchen.
Paramount(adj,F)=principal,=main,=foremost,=first
Render(v)=provide,furnish,=give,=supply
Royalty(n)= a payment made to the writer of a book or piece of music depending on how many books etc are sold, or to someone whose idea, invention etc is used by someone else to make money:
The royalties from his latest book
royalty payments
ساطع شدن،ناشی شدن،سرچشمه گرفتن
برترین،اصلیترین،فائق
ارائه دادن،تحویل دادن،منتقل کردن
حق تألیف،حق الامتیاز،اعضای خانواده سلطنتی
Bequest(n,F)= money or property that you arrange to give to someone after your death/ (V) bequeath
Endow(v)=provide,=donate,= (F) to make someone or something have a particular quality, or to believe that they have it (be endowed with sth)
Alimony(n)= money that a court orders someone to pay regularly to their former wife or husband after their marriage has ended
Affluent(F)=wealthy
Philanthropy =humanitarianism,= the practice of giving money and help to people who are poor or in trouble
میراث،ترکه
وقف کردن،اهدا کردن،موهبت بخشیدن به
نفقه،خرجی
ثروتمند
بشردوستی
Ancillary(,Fadj)=supplementary,=additional,=auxiliary,=extra,= connected with or supporting something else, but less important than it:
Agreement was reached on several ancillary matters.
Mingle(v)=mix,=blend,=combine,,=merge
Mingle with= if you mingle at a party, you move around the room and talk to lots of different people,
She was eager to mingle with other guests.
Daunt()=horrify,=dismay,= to make someone feel afraid or less confident about something/daunting=intimidating,=demoralizing .
Probe(v)=examine,=investigate,=scrutinize
فرعی،کمکی،تابع
مخلوط کردن،آمیختن،
ترساندن،
تحقیق و بررسی کردن،تفحص کردن،
Infer(v)= to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have,=deduce,=conclude,=derive
Intestacy(n)= The condition or fact of dying without having made a will /Intestate(adj)
Procrastinate(v,F)=delay,
Matrimonial=marital,=conjugal
Codicil(n)= appendix / codicillary(adj)
استنتاج کردن،استنباط کردن،حدس زدن
نداشتن وصیتنامه
تعلل کردن،معوق گذاردن
مربوط به زوجین،نکاحی
مکمل وصیتنامه
Heir=legatee,=successor
Cremate(v)
Astute=clever
Disgruntled=annoyed,=dissatisfied,
Balk at= to not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frightening=resist,=refuse
Revamp(inf)=renovate= restore,= to change something in order to improve it and make it seem more modern:
Many older companies are revamping their image.
وارث
سوزاندن اجساد
زیرک،ناقلا،تیزبین
ناخشنود،ناراضی،غرغرو
طفره رفتن،امتناع کردن،
نوسازی کردن،
Pervasive=widespread,=common,=prevalent،=existing everywhere
Breadth=width,=broadness,=scale,= the quality of including a lot of different people, things, or ideas ⇒ broad, depth
Abreast=alongside,=beside,= to make sure that you know all the most recent facts or information about a particular subject or situation
Leeway(n)= freedom to do things in the way you want to
Leeway in/to do sth
نافذ،فراگیرنده،
وسعت،پهنا
پهلو به پهلو
راه گریز
Trait(n)=attribute,=characteristic,feature
Spawn(v)=create,=generate,=originate= to make a series of things happen or start to exist/ (n)
Proponent=supporter,= someone who supports something or persuades people to do something Synonym : advocate # opponent
proponent of
Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women’s rights
# detractor =someone who says bad things about someone or something, in order to make them seem less good than they really are Synonym : critic
ویژگی،خصیصه
تولید مثل کردن،ایجاد کردن،تخم ماهی
موافق،طرفدار
بدگو،مخالف،
Contend(v)=compete,=fight,=contest,=argue
Contend(that)=insist
Contend with sth=cope with sth
Undermine(v)= to gradually make someone or something less strong or effective,=weaken
Outlay(n)=cost,=expenditure
Detrimental(adj,F)= damaging,=destructive,=unfavourable
سروکله زدن،ستیزه کردن،رقابت کردن
سست کردن،تحلیل بردن
تسکین دادن،آرام کردن
هزینه،خرج
زیان آور،مضر،خسارت آور
