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J - SOC 203 > Crime and Violence > Flashcards

Crime and Violence Flashcards

1
Q

What is a popular homicide myth in Canada?

A

Homicide is a random act with no social determinants at play.

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2
Q

What is the reality of those who are murdered in Canada?

A

83% knew their attackers.

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3
Q

What are the statistics surrounding victims of murder, and who they are killed by?

A
  • Less than 33% family.
  • 33% acquaintance.
  • 12% killed by someone known to them through criminal activities.
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4
Q

Deviance

A
  • Behaviour that strays from the norm.

- Ranges from folkways to serious infringement of laws.

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5
Q

Crime

A

The violation of norms that are written into law.

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6
Q

Laws

A

Formal rules that define what society’s members can and cannot do.

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7
Q

Sociological theories of crime and violence emphasizes the role of ___ factors in criminal behaviour and…

A

Criminal, societal responses.

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8
Q

Which is positive and which is negative? Crime and deviance.

A

Both can be positive and negative.

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9
Q

What does the conflict perspective say about crime and deviance?

A

Deviance is inevitable whenever two groups have differing degrees of power.

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10
Q

The conflict perspective says that there is a correlation between crime rates and ___.

A

Inequality.

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11
Q

Alienation in the conflict perspective says that people feel like…

A

They aren’t a productive member of society, and leads to powerlessness and frustration.

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12
Q

According to the conflict perspective, crime is defined by ___ ___ ___, and they reflect their interests.

A

The ruling class.

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13
Q

According to the conflict perspective, law enforcement and sanctions are applied differentially. Give an example.

A

Female sex workers vs. male johns.

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14
Q

What does the structural-functionalist theory say about crime?

A

Crime can be functional for society.

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15
Q

How can crime be functional for society?

A
  • Strengthen group cohesion and lead to social change.

- Broken Windows Theory.

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16
Q

3 main SF theories of crime and violence examine…

A

Dysfunction.

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17
Q

3 main SF theories of crime and violence.

A
  1. Strain Theory.
  2. Sub-Cultural Theory.
  3. Control Theory.
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18
Q

Who thought of Strain Theory

A

Robert Merton.

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19
Q

Strain Theory is based on…

A

Durkheim’s Anomie.

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20
Q

Anomie

A

State of formlessness - norms and values are weak or unclear.

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21
Q

Strain Theory

A

Social structure can limit legitimate means of acquiring cultural goals.

22
Q

According to strain theory, individuals adapt to the inconsistency between ___ and ___.

A

Means, goals.

23
Q

Which of Merton’s 5 types of adaptations leads to crime?

A

Innovation.

24
Q

Innovation accepts/rejects what?

A

Accepts cultural goals, but rejects institutional means.

25
Q

Sub-Cultural Theory

A

Certain sub-cultural groups (such as youth gangs) have values, norms, and attitudes that contribute to crime.

26
Q

Who came up with Control Theory?

A

Hirschi.

27
Q

Control Theory

A

Social bonds between individuals and society (societal solidarity) prevent some individuals from violating social norms.

28
Q

Control Theory explains why…

A

Some people don’t get involved in crime.

29
Q

What are 4 elements of social bonds that can lead to people not becoming involved in crime?

A
  1. Attachment to significant other.
  2. Commitment to conventional goals.
  3. Involvement in conventional activities.
  4. Belief in moral standards of society.
30
Q

In Control Theory, research evidence shows that the greater the social bonds…

A

The lower the probability of criminal behaviour.

31
Q

Feminist Criminology

A

Subordinate position of which women in the social structure can influence criminal behaviour of women.

32
Q

Feminist theories of crime look at differences between gender experiences and realities with ___ central to the process.

A

Patriarchy.

33
Q

What are the two theories symbolic interactionist perspectives utilize in explaining crime?

A
  1. Labelling Theory.

2. Differential Association Theory.

34
Q

Labelling theory is concerned with what effects?

A
  • Effects of labelling on the definition of a social problem.
  • Impacts on self-concept and behaviour.
35
Q

Labelling theory distinguishes between ___ and ___ deviance.

A

Primary, secondary.

36
Q

Primary Deviance

A

Before a person is caught and labelled.

37
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

Results from being caught and labelled.

38
Q

Give an example of how the labelling theory can be applied.

A

Lisa Neve being labelled as a dangerous offender and getting an indefinite sentence.

39
Q

Lisa Neve said…

A

“I wasn’t born bad, but I was expected to be bad, so I was.”

40
Q

What are some effects of labels?

A
  • Stigmatize.
  • Dominate social identity.
  • Become the master status.
  • Adoption of deviant self-concept.
41
Q

Who came up with differential association theory?

A

Edwin Sutherland.

42
Q

Individuals learn values and attitudes associated with crime in prison from others. What theory is this?

A

Differential association theory.

43
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

Examine the ways people, through simple association, are socialized into their criminal environment, and reproduce the prevailing behaviour.

44
Q

How does differential association theory make its case? (2 factors)

A
  • People are social and imitate one another - gain acceptance and approval.
  • Social organization, not social disorganization.
45
Q

Under the differential association theory, prisons are seen as…

A

Graduate schools of crime.

46
Q

___ people are 4% of the Canadian population, but 23% of the federal inmate population.

A

Aboriginal.

47
Q

Incarceration rate of Aboriginals is __ times higher than non-Aboriginal people.

A

10.

48
Q

There are some people that claim that random checks by police can lead to ___ profiling.

A

Racial.

49
Q

What are some strategies for action to deter crime?

A
  • Looking at at-risk youths.
  • Community programs.
  • Changing how we police.
  • Criminal justice policy.
  • Rehabilitation.
  • Incapacitation.
50
Q

Canadian CJS focuses on ___.

A

Deterrence.

J - SOC 203 (24 decks)

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