Chapter 4: Crime and Violence

Question 1

Transnational Crime

Answer 1

Criminal activity that occurs across one or more international borders. Can include movement of exploitative images and texts via the internet.

Question 2

Crime

Answer 2

The violation of norms that are written into law.

Question 3

Routine Activity Theory

Answer 3

3 conditions increase opportunity for crime: Motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship.

Question 4

Strain Theory

Answer 4

A theory that argues that when legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals are limited by the structure of the society, the resulting strain mat lead to crime or other deviance.

Question 5

Subcultural Theory

Answer 5

A theory that argues that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.

Question 6

Control Theory

Answer 6

A theory that argues that a strong social bond between a person and society constrains some individuals from violating norms.

Question 7

Labelling Theory

Answer 7

A SI theory that is concerned with the effects of labelling on the definition of a social problem, and with the effects of labelling on self-concept and behaviour of individuals.

Question 8

Primary Deviance

Answer 8

Deviant behaviour committed before a person is caught and labelled as an offender.

Question 9

Secondary Deviance

Answer 9

Deviance that results from being caught and labelled.

Question 10

Differential Association

Answer 10

A theory developed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behaviour.

Question 11

Conventional (Street) Crime

Answer 11

Traditional illegal behaviour that most people think of as crime, including such offences as murder, sexual assault, assault, armed robbery, break and enter, and theft.

Question 12

Acquaintance Rape

Answer 12

Rape that is committed by someone known to the victim.

Question 13

Classic Rape

Answer 13

A rape committed by a stranger with the use of a weapon resulting in serious bodily injury.

Question 14

Victimless Crime

Answer 14

An illegal activity, such as prostitution or drug abuse, that has no complaining party; also called “vice crime.”

Question 15

Organized Crime

Answer 15

Criminal activity conducted by members of a hierarchically arranged structure devoted primarily to making money through illegal means.

Question 16

Corporate Crime

Answer 16

Both the fraudulent practices that may take place in the course of conducting a business (such as tax evasion and extortion) and also behaviour that is not illegal, but may be immoral and cause significant harm to society. Such business behaviours may be deliberate or may arise from indifference to the well-being of others.

Question 17

Neo-Liberal

Answer 17

The revival of classical liberalism that has occurred since the 1980’s. Those who espouse this model for economic and political organization and policy advocate individual rights over group rights, reduction of state powers, and an increased liberalization of free-market capitalism. According to this view, when the market is fee to set its own limits, then individual merit will be properly rewarded and everyone will benefit from increased growth in capital and industrial production.

Question 18

Corporate Violence

Answer 18

The production of unsafe products and the failure of corporations to provide safe working environment for their employees.

Question 19

Corporate Murder

Answer 19

The label for deaths as a result of unsafe consumer products.

Question 20

Computer Crime

Answer 20

Any violation of the law in which a computer is the target or means of criminal activity.

Question 21

Community Policing

Answer 21

When police, community, and local governance structures, including politicians and religious and educational institutions, work together to prevent crime at local levels. Not intended to address large-scale concerns, but to help citizens prevent their neighbourhoods from becoming targets for crimes.

Question 22

Deterrence

Answer 22

The use of harm of the threat of harm to prevent unwanted behaviours.

Question 23

Social Death

Answer 23

The removal of a person from larger society through lifetime imprisonment. By stripping the person of a meaningful position within society, lifetime imprisonment removes from that person an identity and status in the larger world. The prisoner is ejected from the relationship circles necessary for the maintenance of a personal identity.

Question 24

Rehabilitation

Answer 24

A criminal justice philosophy that views the primary purpose of the CJS as changing the offender through programs such as education and job training, individual and group therapy, substance abuse counselling, and behaviour modification.

Question 25

Incapacitation

Answer 25

A criminal justice philosophy that views the primary purpose of the CJS as preventing offenders from committing further crimes against the public by putting them in prison.

Question 26

Restorative Justice

Answer 26

A philosophy primarily concerned with reconciling conflict between the offender, the community, and the victim.

Question 27

Racial Profiling

Answer 27

The law enforcement practice of targeting suspects based upon race.