Chapter 7: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Sexism

Answer 1

The belief that there are innate psychological, behavioural, or intellectual differences between females and males and that the differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other.

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

The social definitions and expectations associated with being male or fame.

Question 3

Sex

Answer 3

A person;s biological classification as male or female.

Question 4

Expressive Roles

Answer 4

The nurturing and emotionally supportive roles that women are generally socialized into.

Question 5

Instrumental Roles

Answer 5

Task-oriented roles that males are generally socialized into.

Question 6

Heteronormativity

Answer 6

The group of assumptions and demands that people fall into two opposite sexes that are reproductively oriented toward each other; as a bias, creates structures and institutions that privilege opposite-sex relations and deny full rights and freedoms and recognition to those engaged in same-sex relations.

Question 7

Structural Sexism

Answer 7

The ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification.

Question 8

Devaluation Hypothesis

Answer 8

The hypothesis that argues women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men.

Question 9

Emotional Labour

Answer 9

Work traditionally performed by women in the role of providing care and concern for others, either professionally or in the home.

Question 10

Human Capital Hypothesis

Answer 10

The hypothesis that female-male pay differences are a function of differences in women’s and men’s levels of education, skills, training, and work experience.

Question 11

Comparable Worth

Answer 11

Tasks and jobs that are distinct but have equal value and utility in the workplace and economy.

Question 12

Family Gap/Child Penalty

Answer 12

The income losses associated with women’s responsibilities raising children. As a measure, it compares the earnings of women who have children with those who do not in the same age group, with equal educational and occupational attachments.

Question 13

Occupational Sex Segregation

Answer 13

The concentration of women in certain occupations and of men in other occupations.

Question 14

Pink-Collar Jobs

Answer 14

Jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women.

Question 15

Glass Ceiling

Answer 15

An invisible, socially created barrier that prevents women and other minorities from being promoted into top corporate positions.

Question 16

Cultural Sexism

Answer 16

The ways in which the culture of society perpetuates the subordination of individuals based on their sex classification.

Question 17

Gender Tourism

Answer 17

The recent tendency for definitions of masculinity and femininity to become less clear, resulting in individual exploration of the gender continuum.

Question 18

Sexual Harassment

Answer 18

When an employer requires sexual favours in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or any other employee benefit, or the existence of a hostile environment that unreasonably interferes with job performance, as in the case of sexually explicit remarks or insults being made to an employee.

Question 19

Employment Equity

Answer 19

An attempt to ensure that there is a proportional number of designated target groups (for example, women, visible minorities, Aboriginal peoples, and people with disabilities) throughout all income and occupational levels at ratios that are consistent with the proportion of these groups within the local or regional workforce.