CRIME AND DEVIANCE - Globalisation Flashcards
What are the 3 Main Aspects of Globalisation? HINT: Think about the 3 ‘Ts’!
- Trade
- Transport
- Technology
What did Giddens say about the Influence of Globalisation? HINT: Lack of borders!
Giddens argues that social change has made distance and national borders far less important as barriers that can divide social groups!
Whatever happens in one society can quickly affect another society anywhere in the world - This links to technological convergence and how we are now in a ‘global village’ (McLuhin)!
What does Held et al say about Globalisation, in regards to Interconnectedness!
They say that globalisation is the greater interconnectedness of social life and social relationships throughout the world.
There are far more connections between technology, transport and trade than ever before
How can Globalisation act as a Cause or Contribution to INCREASING crime rates? HINT: There is one example for Trade, Transport and Technology!
TRADE = The misuse of financial systems (as they are all intertwined - links to the impact of the single market) in helping crimes become global. This can be seen with the influence of illegal organ donation and human trafficking - the creation and solidifying of global crime networks!
TRANSPORT = The ease of using strong transport links, such as the Channel Tunnel and boats and ferry systems, in order to transport illegal weapons and also individuals (human trafficking).
TECHNOLOGY = The use of New Media technologies has allowed for the emergence of new crimes, such as cybercrime. There is also the use of ‘internet trails’, such as facial recognition software etc. The use of AI as well in creating ‘deep fakes’! Negative criminal possibilities, such as child pornography, cryptocurrency fraud and identity theft. The ‘dark web’ and money laundering too!
How can Globalisation act as a Cause or Contribution to DECREASING crime rates? HINT: There is one example for Trade, Transport and Technology!
TRADE = Better trade between countries can offer new employment opportunities which can tackle deprivation and thus offer an alternative to criminality. For example, larger markets open up to boost business which filters down into these societies; County Lines (Glocal crime; global crime on a local scale).
TRANSPORT = Quicker response times for police officers, which allows for criminals to be caught quicker!
TECHNOLOGY = Greater technology for the criminal justice system, especially with progresses made towards DNA, scientific discoveries and using facial recognition software. Interpol and collaboration between different border enforcement agencies; using technology to improve communications!
What was established in 1992 and links to Globalisation DECREASING crime rates? HINT: Europol!
Europol was established in 1991 - This helped to coordinate European policing!
What do Newburn and Reiner argue has happened in regards to information sharing between the US and the UK since 9/11?
They argue that the sharing of information between the US and the UK since 9.11 has greatly increased - ‘Special relationship’; relying on Allies; strong communication with better technology!
What does Castells argue, in regards to criminal networks and the effects of global crime?
They argue that globalisation involves the development of networks that can cut across national and international boundaries.
Self-contained societies no longer exist in a postmodern and globalised world, as boundaries become less important (apart from North Korea)!
Identify some Examples of Global Criminal Businesses and Explain why they are NOT Victimless!
- Illegal Arms Trade
- Trafficking of Nuclear Material
- Smuggling of Immigrants
- Trafficking of Women and Children
- Trafficking Body Parts
- Money Laundering
These crimes are not victimless because they involve people who are victims - These people suffer from financial, psychological, mental and emotional harm from these crimes, including human trafficking and fraud!
What is part of the reason as to why Transnational Crime exists? HINT: Links to supply and demand!
Part of the reason for Transnational Crime is the economy of demand and supply - The rich, Western countries demand products, such as drugs and sex workers, which leads to poor, developing countries (and newly emerging economies / countries) to supply these service,s via human trafficking!
TRUE OR FALSE: There is an IMBALANCE between the countries demanding goods and the countries supplying them!
TRUE - Often rich, Western countries consume the goods that poorer countries provide and supply!
EG: In Columbia, around 20% of the population is dependent on the cocaine trade for their livelihood!
What can you identify in regards to the countries that consume goods and those that produce them?
Rich countries are the demand / consumers - they can afford the purchase and transport cost of shipping drugs from small, developing countries, like Burma and Thailand, to countries that consume them, like European countries and the USA!
Poorer countries, such as Kenya and Nigeria, are often used as ‘middle men’, in regards to the drug trade!
Explain why Criminal Networks may exist in Columbia and Afghanistan!
Due to the existence of organisations and criminal paramilitaries, such as the Taliban!
There is a lack of police and control in these countries, alongside corruption of government systems and political instability!
There is lots of opportunity for crimes to be committed and criminals are filling in these gaps - They are also following traditions around them; they have been surrounded in these systems and conditions for so long, especially due to the climate and the set up of criminal gangs and systems, that these systems live on and thrive for a long period of time.
Where should Law Enforcers focus their efforts in order to disrupt the drug trade; countries of origin, like India, consumer countries, like Europe, of transfer countries, (‘the middle’ men), like Egypt?
‘War on drugs’ = The police should try and target all three - the use of border controls, tackling County Lines, targeting crime and drug users on the street! However, how can you police the entire Atlantic ocean and how do you do this effectively?
Also, how much would this cost, who would pay for it, whose resources would be used etc etc…a lot of admin issues!
What 3 Effects of Globalisation did Newburn identify? HINT: Reduce the power of nation states, new opportunities created and more awareness of risk created!
- Reduce the power of the nation state - Who takes responsibility when there are multiple countries and people involved? = Shared responsibility! It is all good having the UN, but if you do not have a leader or country in charge, there is no one to take them blame / responsibility! EG: League of Nations saying that WW1 was Germany’s fault; the Treaty of Versailles!
- New opportunities to commit crime - Variations in laws between countries and people moving between countries in order to avoid arrest + there is the creation of new crimes, such as cyber crimes!
- Creates new awareness of risk from foreign countries - EG: Cyber terrorism, global warming and international terrorism - This links to Beck’s idea of the ‘Risk Society’; we know how risky life is, because of the emergence of the New Media and new technology! Sometimes we use crime to distract us, such as taking drugs!
Crime acts as a distraction from society and it is a stress reliever = EG: The Israel-Palestine Conflict and the Middle East collapsing; the war and main events are happening over there, but we do feel the impacts here, as seen with the impact of protests and movements!
Give some Examples of International Systems of Justice and their impact!
International Justice Systems - NATO, the League of Nations, Treaties and International Courts (including the European Court of Justice in the EU and the ECHR)!
These are symbols of justice, responsibility and strength, and make convince people that they are being looked after and they are supported!
However - These amplify fear of outsiders and may increase efforts of social control to exclude groups, like immigrants - Think about Shamima Begum and her case!
What is Transnational Organised Crime?
How does this link to Castells?
Organised, powerful criminal groups that go across boundaries and travel across the globe!
Links to Castells - Globalisation contributes to crime and enables crime to take place across boundaries - This helps the criminals, but enables law enforces as well (Positive and Negative impact of globalisation on crime)!
What Sociologist identified the 2 Main Forms of Criminal Networks?
Farr!
(FARR) What are the 2 Main Forms of Criminal Networks they identified?
Established Mafias!
Newer, Organised Crime Groups!
(FARR) What are Established Mafias?
They are organised usually around families or particular ethnic groups!
These groups often have adapted to take advantage of globalisation and can now operate globally; they may have infiltrated power and politics!
EG: Includes the Italian Mafia and Crimes groups in Albania!
TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF GLOBALISATION!
(FARR) What are Newer Organised Crime Groups?
These Groups have emerged since the breakdown of traditional regimes; these groups have emerged because of globalisation!
They used the new globalised world to operate across borders!
CREATED BY GLOBALISATION!
What 2 Sociologists identified ‘Glocal Crime’?
Hobbs and Dunningham!
(HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM) Describe what ‘Glocal Crime’ is!
A ‘business model’ for crime in a globalised world –> Global crimes on a local level with local distributors!
Organised crime is still at large, but criminal groups need smaller, more local crime groups to deal drugs (such as Country Lines), manage sex workers, hide modern slaves and sell counterfeit goods etc!
The two groups (global and local) work together = Glocal!
Local gangs = Provide an outlet for the products sold and traded by global gangs; they do this on a local level, in order to get the ‘goods’ to the people ‘on the street’!
Local People and Criminals = Little Fish
Larger Criminal Gangs = Big Fish
The Little Fish can easily be replaced when they are arrested; arresting the Big Fish is harder, as tracking them down is expensive!
What 2 Sociologists identified Disorganised Capitalism?
Lash and Urry!
