CRIME AND DEVIANCE - Crime Prevention Strategies Flashcards
Detail some Crime Prevention Strategies are recommended by Right Realists!
Deterrent of crime; strong prison sentences. They look to change the environment to make it harder for people to commit a crime.
Detail some Crime Prevention Strategies are recommended by Left Realists!
Stopping crime at the start; sorting out marginalisation, subcultures and deprivation!
What is Situation Crime Prevention?
Provide some Examples!
Strategies at the point where crime occurs!
- CCTV
- Barriers
- Ring doorbells
- Security lighting
- Burglar alarms
- Speed bumps
- Relighting the streets
What is Environmental Crime Prevention?
Provide some Examples!
Strategies that make an area less attractive for criminals and clamping down on this quickly!
- Alcohol bans
- Cleaning up areas
- Police on the streets
- Knife amnesties
What is Social and Community Crime Prevention?
Provide some Examples!
Strategies about intervening with individuals at risk of becoming criminals and offering alternatives to crime!
Create a sense of community to counteract feelings of marginalisation!
- Community centres
- Sure Start centres
- The Perry School Project
(SITUATION CRIME PREVENTION) Explain Felson’s Study of the NYC Port Authority Bus Terminal!
Here, Felson increase Situational Crime Prevention strategies in a bus terminal, in order to stop anti-social crimes, such as loitering and littering, from happening - Less opportunistic to commit a crime!
(SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION) Is this a Left or Right Realist Approach?
This is a Right-Realist Approach = A pre-emptive approach that stops crime before it happens → Target Hardening! - This makes it harder to commit crime and increases the chance of getting caught; reducing the rewards from crime, reducing the attractiveness and opportunity to commit crimes and increasing the punishment for crimes! = More CCTV, Neighbourhood Watch, More Police on the Streets and Quicker Punishments!
(SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION) Explain what ‘Relighting the Streets’ was! HINT: Orange vs White Lights!
This was a self-report study in Stoke on Trent that tested the use of different lights - White lights vs orange lights.
Using white lights led to all crimes, apart from burglary, decreasing + increased quality of life and less fear of crime! = Crime decreased by 26% in the experimental area and 21% in the adjacent area!
More people on the streets = More fear of crime and less opportunity to commit crimes! → Can help to prevent crime, but not a solution!
What are the Evaluating Points for Situational Crime Prevention Strategies? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 5 bullet points here!
Garland = It ignores the causes of crime and takes no account for inequalities and relative deprivation in society - Doesn’t stop people from wanting to commit the crime in the first place!
Katz and Lyng = Little evidence to prove that crime is based on rational choice - what about ‘emotional crime’ / if crime is an adrenaline buzz or crimes of passion, like murder or the sub-cultural element of risk-taking
Ignore a range of crimes, focussing mainly on street crime - Does not focus on fraud or domestic violence
Crawford and Evans = Creates a ‘fortress society’ and reduces civil liberties and harms the most vulnerable
Hakim and Renert = It is merely displacing the crime to another area. It can be:
- Spatial - In a different place
- Temporal - At a different time
- Tactical - Using a different method
- Target-based - Having a different victim
- Functional - Being a different crime (less risky)
(ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION) Give some Examples of this Crime Prevention Strategy! HINT: There are 4 Examples here!
- Cleaning up graffiti and vandalism immediately - NYC Clean Car Program and ‘Broken Windows’ (Get rid of lower offences to get rid of higher offences)
- Build town centres today that have less alleyways where people can commit drug offences / make sure areas are properly lit
- More police on the street (‘Bobbies on the Beach’)
- Building in parks in villages and communal areas
TRUE OR FALSE: Environmental Crime Prevention Strategies are LEFT-REALIST!
FALSE - They are Right-Realist!
What are the Evaluating Points for Environmental Crime Prevention Strategies? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 5 bullet points here!
- Investment in local areas is more effective than zero tolerance (Situational Crime Prevention works better)
- Not affordable to employ enough police to do this (short term fix!)
- Different governments and reduction in budgets affect this approach → Different government priorities → Issues regarding long-term stability
- Crime is still falling despite this approach, so more effective methods of prevention and enforcement must exist.
- On its own, it is probably not the most effective - All 3 Strategies are better and more useful when they work together
TRUE OR FALSE: Social and Community Crime Prevention is the ONLY LEFT-REALIST STRATEGY!
TRUE - It is often linked / attributed to New Labour and the ‘Third Way Approach’!
(SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION) Give some Examples of this Crime Prevention Strategy! HINT: There are 4 Examples here!
- Wants to create a sense of community to counteract feelings of marginalisation → Better relations between people and the police (Bonds of Attachment and Hirschi)
- Perry School Project in the USA and Sure Start programmes in the UK under Blair and ‘Troubled Families’ under Cameron in the UK!
- Looks at the social and communal element - Creates security and safety
- Youth work, parenting classes, positive community messaging, projects etc - Make people feel like they are parts of society!
- Focus of social and community prevention is based on intervention (Bonds of Attachment) and Community (Macpherson Report + Develop relationships with communities and the police!
What are the Evaluating Points for Social and Community Crime Prevention Strategies? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 7 bullet points here!
- Government changes - Not all governments want this = Perhaps only Labour / the Left do?
- Not everyone wants to do these schemes, such as Cameron’s ‘Troubled Families’ Scheme
- Not a lot of funding from governments (May only last short term / fall through)
- Long-term - Do not see the benefits straight away! = EG: Sure Start - Cannot measure how effective they are
- Expensive
- Often ignored the underlying impacts of inequality on society but rather attempted to plug the gaps
- Victim-blaming of parents and children assuming parenting styles were inadequate → Pressure on schools, healthcare and police to be the resolution to crime
- Relationships with police and agencies strained due to perceptions of police behaviour - EG: Macpherson Report
