craniofacial development

Question 1

prominences derived from arch 1

Answer 1

lateral nasal
medial nasal
maxillary
mandibular

Question 2

frontonasal prominence forms?

Answer 2

forehead
bridge of nose
medial/lateral nasal prominences

Question 3

maxillary prominence forms?

Answer 3

cheeks

lateral portion of upper lip

Question 4

medial nasal prominence forms?

Answer 4

philtrum

crest and tip of nose

Question 5

lateral nasal prominence forms?

Answer 5

ala of nose

Question 6

mandibular prominence forms?

Answer 6

lower lip

Question 7

trigeminal nerve distribution with development

Answer 7

follows derivatives of the first arch

Question 8

embryo exposure to toxins/tetrgogens in development

Answer 8

in early stages can lead to severe deformaties/ death

later on can simply cause mild deformaties

Question 9

neural crest cells migrating to first and second arches

Answer 9

 Neural-crest derived mesenchyme from the first and second arches migrates into the developing face
 Will give rise to bone & cartilage
 Muscles from mesoderm
 Associated with specific nerve & arteries

Question 10

Normal Facial Development time frames

Answer 10

 Week 4
Frontonasal region
First pharyngeal arch

 5-12 Weeks
Palatogenesis-palate formation

Week 5
Cheilogenesis-nose formation

 Week 8-9
Separation of the oral and nasal cavities

Question 11

processes of the developing face, arch?

Answer 11

The developing face is represented by the frontonasal region, and the
maxillary/mandibular prominences all derived from the first pharyngeal (branchial) first pharyngeal (branchial) arch.

Question 12

Frontonasal prominence

Answer 12

Tissue surrounding the forebrain.

Neural-crest derived mesenchyme from arch 1.

Question 13

max and man prominence from what arch

Answer 13

arch 1

Question 14

dorsal to the first arch elevation?

Answer 14

elevation formed by 
the underlying trigeminal 
ganglion, the sensory 
ganglion for the nerve 
that supplies tissues 
derived from the first 
arch.

Question 15

nasal placodes

Answer 15

formed week 5 from the medial and lateral nasal prominences

Question 16

req for normal upper lip dev?

Answer 16

Union of the nasomedial prominence with the nasolateral prominence and maxillary prominence is required for normal development of the upper lip.

Question 17

intermaxillary segment

Answer 17

btwn max prominences, gives rise to the philtrum

Question 18

nasolacrimal and parotid duct development

Answer 18

NL: develops where the max and NL prom meet
Parotid: develops btwn the max and man prom

Question 19

palatogenesis

Answer 19

weeks 5-12
union of NM prom to form the primary palate
union of maxillary palatal shelves to the form the secondary palate
both primary and secondary join to for the palate

Question 20

what structure is found where all three palatal processes join, content?

Answer 20

incisive foramen

nasopalatine nn

Question 21

what must move for palatal fusion

Answer 21

nasal septum-up

tongue- down

Question 22

bifid uvula

Answer 22

also possible from a lack of fusion at the palatal shelves, often not an issue but can indicate submucosal cleft in some cases

Question 23

fusion of the palate seperates?

Answer 23

oral and nasal cavities

Question 24

oro-facial clefts, types

Answer 24

 Separation or opening in a structure of the face
 Cleft lip (gingiva, alveolus of the maxilla)
 Cleft palate (hard, soft)
 Isolated (CL or CP) or combined (CL/P)
 Unilateral or bilateral
 Atypical clefts (median, transverse, oblique)

Question 25

cleft lip types

Answer 25

Question 26

cleft palate, issues with/treatment?

Answer 26

Palate only affected – primary or secondary/incomplete or 
primary+secondary=complete cleft
 Feeding problems
 Surgical intervention at 9-
18 months
 Speech pathologist

Question 27

Submucous Cleft Palate

Answer 27

 Only the uvula (soft palate) is affected

 Can result in muscular abnormalities

 Repair if speech is affected

Question 28

Complete Cleft Palate

Answer 28

 A complete cleft palate involves a cleft of the palate
and the alveolus.
 Open communication between oral & nasal cavities.
 Bone grafts are required
 Orthodontic treatment is required

Question 29

Complete Cleft Palate, Bilateral

Answer 29

 A complete bilateral cleft palate leaves the premaxilla unattached, allowing it to grow forwards.
 Premaxilla and carries the upper four central teeth.
 A double bone graft at the time the permanent teeth are erupting is required for this type of cleft.

Question 30

what additional structure that we know can be affected by clefts?

Answer 30

ET

Question 31

facial cleft are often associated with what syndromes

Answer 31

Cleft lip and palate are frequent components of 
syndromic disorders (chromosomal abnormalities)

Question 32

Pierre Robin Sequence with cleft

Answer 32

pushed back tongue may obstruct the palatal shelves from fusing leading to a cleft palate