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Head and Neck anatomy > Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory nerve [I]
  2. Optic nerve [II]
  3. Oculomotor nerve [III]
  4. Trochlear nerve (IV]
  5. Trigeminal nerve [V]
  6. Abducent nerve [VI]
  7. Facial nerve [VII]
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
  10. Vagus nerve [X]
  11. Accessory nerve [XI]
  12. Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
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2
Q

Which cranial nerves contain somatomotor fibres?

A
  • [III]
  • [IV]
  • [VI]
  • [XII]
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3
Q

Which cranial nerves contain branchiomotor fibres?

A
  • [V]
  • {VII]
  • {IX]
  • [X]
  • Cranial root of [XI]
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4
Q

Which cranial nerves contain taste fibres?

A
  • [VII] - Anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • [IX] - Posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • [X] - Epiglottic valleculae
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5
Q

Which cranial nerves contain somatosensory fibres?

A
  • [V]
  • [VII]
  • [IX]
  • [X]
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6
Q

What are the contents of the oculomotor nerve [III]?

A
  • Somatic motor fibres supplying extraocular muscles of the eyes.
  • Parasympathetic fibres supplying ciliary muscles and muscle sphincter pupillae.
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7
Q

What is the course of the motor component of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  1. Leaves the anterior aspects of the brainstem between the midbrain and pons.
  2. Pierces roof of cavernous sinus to run in its lateral walls.
  3. Once it emerges from the cavernous sinus, it divides into the superior and inferior divisions.
  4. These divisions exit the skull through the superior orbital fissure.
  5. The superior division supplies:
    - Levator palpebrae superioris
    - Superior rectus
  6. The inferior divisions supples:
    - Inferior rectus
    - Medial rectus
    - Inferior oblique
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8
Q

What is the course of the parasympathetic component of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  1. Fibres originates from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and travels with the oculomotor nerve in its inferior division.
  2. Reaches the ciliary ganglion between the lateral surface of the optic nerve and the lateral rectus.
  3. Leaves ciliary ganglion via 10-12 ciliary nerves to supply the cilliary body and sphincter pupillae.
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9
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is the facial nerve [VII] associated with?

A

2nd arch

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10
Q

Where does the facial nerve arise?

A

Anterolateral aspects of brainstem between pons and medulla

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11
Q

What are the contents of the facial nerve?

A
  • Branchiomotor fibres supplying:
    1. Muscles of facial expression
    2. Buccinator
    3. Posterior digastric
    4. Stapedius
    5. Stylohyoid
    6. Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
  • Parasympathetic fibres supplying:
    1. Lacrimal glands
    2. Submandibular glands
    3. Sublingual glands
    4. Palatine glands
  • Somatosensory fibres supplying:
    1. Skin of external auditory meatus
    2. Tympanic membrane
  • Special sensory fibres sypplying taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
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12
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve?

A
  1. The facial nerve emerges from the lateral aspects of the brainstem between the pons and medulla as 2 separate roots: A large motor root and a small nervus intermedius (containing sensory and parasympathetic fibres).
  2. The 2 roots enter the internal acoustic meatus into the facial canal (of petrous temporal bone), where they merge to form the facial nerve.
  3. When the facial nerve reaches the medial wall of the middle ear, it forms a swelling called the geniculate ganglion.
  4. The nerve then proceeds to run posteriorly and then inferiorly.
  5. It exits the facial canal (and indeed the skull) through the stylomastoid foramen.
  6. Once outside the skull, it penetrates the parotid gland, in which it divides into upper and lower divisions.
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13
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve in the facial canal?

A

At geniculate ganglion:

  • Greater petrosal nerve: Carries parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal glands via pterygopalatine ganglion.

After geniculate ganglion:

  • Nerve to stapedius: Innervates stapedius.
  • Chorda tympani: Carries special sensory fibres supplying taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, as well as parasympathetic fibres to submandibular and sublingual glands via the submandibular ganglion.
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14
Q

What are branches of the facial nerve outside skull before entering parotid glands?

A
  • Nerve to occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
  • Nerve to stylohyoid
  • Nerve to posterior digastric
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15
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve to the face?

A
  • All branches outside the skull contain purely motor fibres.
  • Branches of the upper division are:
    1. Temporal: Orbicularis oculi & frontalis
    2. Zygomatic: Muscles of the eyelids
    3. Buccal: Buccinator, orbicularis oris and muscles of external nose (facial expression)
  • Branches of the lower division are:
    1. Mandibular: Muscles of the lower lip and chin
    2. Cervical: Platysma
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16
Q

What are the contents of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Somatosensation fibres supplying:
    1. Face
    2. Orbit
    3. Tongue
  • Branchiomotor fibres (in V3) supplying:
    1. Muscles of masticaltion
    2. Mylohyoid
    3. Anterior digastric
    4. Tensor palati
    5. Tensor tympani
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17
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve arise?

A

Anterolateral surface of pons

18
Q

What is the intracranial course of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve arises from the brainstem as 2 distinct roots; a large sensory root and a small motor root (medial to sensory root).
  2. Crosses anteriorly across trigeminal impression of petrous temporal bone from posterior cranial fossa to middle cranial fossa.
  3. In middle cranial fossa, sensory root expands to form trigeminal ganglion (sitting in trigeminal depression of petrous temporal bone).
  4. From the trigeminal ganglion, the 3 main divisions of the trigeminal nerve arises.
19
Q

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve and through which openings do they leave the cranial cavity?

A
  • Opthalmic division (V1): Superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary division (V2): Foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular division (V3): Foramen ovale
20
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal does motor root join?

A

V3

21
Q

What are the main branches of V1?

A
  1. Frontal: Gives supraorbital and supra-trochlear nerves supplying skin of forehead and anterior half of scalp.
  2. Lacrimal:
    - Supplies skin of upper eyelid
    - Carries parasympathetics from pterygopalatine gagnlion to lacrimal glands
  3. Nasociliary:
    - Seneory supply to sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses and root of nose
    - Long ciliary nerve provides sensory supply to the cornea and carries sympathetic fibres to the dilator pupillae via the cavernous sinus
22
Q

What are the branches of V2?

A
  1. Zygomatic: Gives rise to zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves supplying the skin of lateral forehead and cheeks.
  2. Ganglionic: Carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion.
  3. Infra-orbital: Provides somatic sensory supply to lower eyelids, upper lips and maxillary teeth.
23
Q

What are the sensory branches of V3?

A
  1. Buccal:
    - Mucous membrane ans skin of cheeks
  2. Auriculotemporal:
    - Temporomandibular joint
    - Skin of upper half of ear
    - External auditory meatus
    - Scalp above meatus
  3. Inferior alveolar:
    - Mandibular teeth
    - Skin over lips
  4. Lingual:
    - Joined by chorda tympani (from VII) to supply anterior 2/3 of tongue and floor of mouth
    - Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to submandibular ganglion

BAIL

24
Q

What are the motor branches of V3?

A
  1. Nerve to medial pterygoid:
    - Medial pterygoid
    - Tensor palati
    - Tensor tympani
  2. Deep temporal nerve:
    - Temporalis
  3. Nerve to lateral pterygoid:
    - Lateral pterygoid
  4. Nerve to masseter:
    - Masseter
  5. Nerve to mylohyoid (from inferior alveolar):
    - Mylohyoid
    - Anterior belly of digastic
25
Q

What are the contents of the trochlear nerve [IV]?

A

Somatic motor supply to the superior oblique muscle

26
Q

What are the contents of the abducent nerve [VI]?

A

Somatic motor fibres to the lateral rectus muscle

27
Q

What are the contents of the vagus nerve [X]?

A
  • Parasympathetic fibres supplying:
    1. Viscera in thorax
    2. VIscera in abdomen
  • Somatic sensory fibres from:
    1. Skin of inferior/posterior pina
    2. External auditory meatus
    3. Pharynx
    4. Larynx
  • Taste fibres from the epiglottis
28
Q

What are the contents of the crainal root of the accessory nerve [XI]?

A
  • Branchiomotor fibres (via the vagus nerve [X]) to:
    1. Muscles of the pharynx
    2. Muscles of the upper oesophagus
    3. Muscles of the palate
    4. Muscles of the larynx
29
Q

What are the contents of the spinal roots of the accessory nerve [XI]?

A

Somatic motor fibres to:

  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Trapezius
30
Q

What are the contents of the hypoglossal nerve [XII]?

A

Muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

31
Q

What are the cranial nerves that originate from the cerebrum?

A
  • Olfactory nerve [I]
  • Optic nerve [II]
32
Q

What are the cranial nerves that originate from the midbrain?

A
  • Oculomotor nerve [III]: Anterior surface, between midbrain and pons
  • Trochlear nerve [IV]: Posterior surface
33
Q

What are the crainal nerves that originate from the pons?

A

Pons:

  • Trigeminal nerve [V]: Anterolateral surface at cerebello-pontine angle

Junction between medula and pons:

  • Abducent nerve [VI]: Anterior
  • Facial nerve [VII]: Lateral
  • Vestibulocochlear nervee [VIII]: Lateral
34
Q

What are the cranial nerves that originate from the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]: Anterolateral surface
  • Vagus nerve [X]: Anterolateral surface
  • Accessory nerve [XI]:
    1. Cranial root: Anterolateral surface
    2. Spinal root: Lateral surface of spinal cord (upper 5 cervical segments)
  • Hypoglossal nerve [XII]: Anterior surface
35
Q

What are the locations of the somatomotor nuclei?

A
36
Q

What are the locations of the parasympathetic nuclei?

A
  • Einger-Westphal nucleus: Midbrain
  • Superior salivary nucleus: Pons
  • Infeior salivary nucleus: Pons
  • Dorsal nucleus of vagus: Medulla oblongata
37
Q

What are the locations of the branchiomotor nuclei?

A
  • Trigeminal motor nucleus ([V]): Mid-pons
  • Facial motor nucleus ([VII]): Lower pons
  • Nucleus ambiguus ([IX], [X], [XI]): Medulla oblongata
38
Q

Into which nucleus do taste and general visceral afferent fibres project?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS): Medulla oblongata

39
Q

Into which nucleus do all somatosensory fibres of cranial nerves project?

A

Trigeminal nucleus (extends through whole length of brainstem, from midbrain to medulla)

40
Q

What are the components of the trigeminal nucleus?

A
  1. Mecencephalic nucleus: Proprioception
  2. Pontine (chief) nucleus: Discrimination, light touch
  3. Spinal nucleus: Deep touch, pain, temperature
41
Q

What is the difference between branchiomotor and somatomotor fibres?

A

Branchiomotor fibres innervate muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches while somatomotor fibres innervate muscles derived from somites.

Head and Neck anatomy (18 decks)

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