CP2 Chapter 19 & 20

Question 1

Two major internal defense systems

Answer 1

Innate or nonspecific immune system

Adaptive or acquired immunity

Question 2

Antigens

Answer 2

Any substances that are capable of generating a response from the immune system

Question 3

Inflammatory response

Answer 3

Any substances that are capable of generating a response from the immune system

Question 4

Physical and chemical barriers

Answer 4

Skin
Physical and biochemical components of the nasopharynx, gut, lungs, or GI tract
Population of commensal bacteria that compete with the invading pathogens

Question 5

Classical signs of inflammation

Answer 5

Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

Phagocytosis of antigens in tissue spaces

Question 7

Monocytes

Answer 7

Follow neutrophils to inflammatory sites
Ingest and destroy antigens by phagocytosis
In blood called monocytes but when they migrate into tissue → macrophages

Question 8

Macrophages

Answer 8

can be derived from tissue
Located in liver, brain, connective tissue, spleen, lung, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
Make up the mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 9

Other important components of innate immune system

Answer 9

Natural killer cells (NK)
Small subset of lymphocytes in blood and lymph organs
Recognize and destroy host cells infected with microbes or viruses
Activate phagocytes by releasing interferon-γ
Interferons
Cytokines that elicit cellular reactions
Prevent viral replication
Complement system
Large group of proteins in blood
Complement cascade
Series of chemical reactions

Question 10

Opsonization

Answer 10

binding of complement to the antigen
A mechanism of the adaptive immune system
Activated by C1 is bound to an antigen-antibody complex

Question 11

Adaptive Immune System

Answer 11

More sophisticated
Divided into two components:
Humoral
Cell-mediated
Respond specifically to foreign substances
Antigens may be:
Bacterial, fungal, viral, altered host cells
Presence initiates humoral and cellular responses

Question 12

Lymphocytes

Answer 12

Largely responsible for the adaptive immune system
Stem cells develop in yolk sac and then fetal liver and move to bone marrow near birth.
Destined to mature into either
B lymphocytes—mature in the bone marrow
Produces immunoglobulins
T lymphocytes—mature in the thymus

Question 13

Maturation process

Answer 13

3 stages are - Lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, and lymphocyte
Mature cells leave bone marrow to enter spleen or lymph nodes, where they encounter antigens.
Each B cell develops a specific receptor molecule to a specific antigen.
Each time that antigen enters the body, the B cell reacts to it .

Question 14

Passive Immunity

Answer 14

Maternal antibodies in colostrum
Receive preformed antibodies by injection
Antibodies produced in a donor animal
Short lived but immediate

Question 15

Active Immunity or Immunization

Answer 15

Animals become resistant by either having the disease and developing antibodies or by immunization.
Elicits an antibody response by injecting microorganisms into an animal.
Attenuated
Weak but still alive
Lasts longer—more potent response
Inactivated
Killed
Safer
Adjuvant may be added to enhance the immune response.

Question 16

Cell-mediated Immune System

Answer 16

T- lymphocytes
Similar to B lymphocyte maturation
Then develop receptors to specific antigens and become immunocompetent or antigen-committed T lymphocytes.
a.k.a. Naïve lymphocytes

Question 17

T lymphocytes

Answer 17

Memory T cells
recognize antigens to which they d are able to lyhave previously been exposed.
Cytolytic T cells
recognize antigen particles that are on the surface of infected body cells anse and kill the infected cells.
Helper T cells
Recognize a phagocytized antigen as an antigen presenting cell (APC).
The APC displays a portion of the antigen on its surface to the helper T cell that releases cytokines to help phagocytize the microbe.

Question 18

Immunologic Tolerance

Answer 18

Animals’ immune systems should not destroy their own cells.
In healthy animals mechanisms in place to prevent this
Ability to discriminate between self and not self is immunologic tolerance
Very complicated process

Question 19

Handling Serologic Samples

Answer 19

Serum
Clot for 20 to 30 minutes at room temperature
Centrifuge for 10 minutes at ≤1500 rpm
Plasma
Centrifuge immediately after collection
Pipette serum or plasma into a transfer tube and label
Freeze or refrigerate for later use

Question 20

Tests for Humoral Immunity

Answer 20

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA)
Lateral flow immunoassay
Latex agglutination

Question 21

Lateral Flow Immunoassay

Answer 21

a.k.a. Rapid immunomigration or immunochromatography
Uses colloidal gold, enzymes, and color reagents or agglutinated latex particles
Antibodies present in the membrane of the test cassette where sample is applied.
Positive results show two areas of color, test, and control.

Question 22

Chemiluminescence

Answer 22

Principle similar to the ELISA method except that the test uses a substrate that reacts to produce light.
Amount of light produced can be quantified.
Used for detection and quantification of pathogens as well as other substances
Thyroid hormones, cortisol, pancreatic lipase, progesterone, and testosterone