Cours 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Est ce que nos normes ont bcp changé en 50 ans, est ce quon revoit ce que sont le sexe et le genre?
A
oui et oui en déconstruisant
2
Q
Geena Rocero
A
trans H to F, premiere parution dans playboy
3
Q
Balian Buschaum
A
sauteuse a la perche
4
Q
Hanne gaby odiele
A
intersexe, chromosomes sont xy
milite en faveur des personnes intersex
5
Q
6 histoire de case de sexe et genre qui se complexifie
A
- couple de femme parent dun enfant venu de homme qui participe a eleve enfant comme legal guardian. Qd mere bio chnage d egenre, couple se sépare et homme veut etre parent mais au qc pas legal plus que 2 parents: maintien parentlaité des 2 femmes car cas d’origine
- Caster semenya: grande athlète de course a pied mais né avec AIS (androgene insensitivity syndrome donc intersexe mais sidentifie comme femme), mais mtn plafond de concentration testostérone sanguin donc doit réduire naturellement si atypique)
- Gavin Grimm: FtM, chirurgie top d’affirmation de genre et doit utiliser toilettes spécilaisé: gagne pour discrimination
- Toronto: Une personne trans (MtF) se voit refuser l’accès dans un spa nudiste
- Los Angeles: Une mère cis se plaint : Une personne trans (MtF), avec une barbe et un pénis, vient s’asseoir nue dans un spa à côté de sa fille de 6 ans
- Vancouver: Une personne trans (MtF) se plaint en justice que les salons féminins refusent de dépiler ses parties génitales
6
Q
en 1575 comment est vu lappareil génital feminin, V ou F
A
un pénis intériorisé, faux
7
Q
2 Étapes de la formation d’un fétus en sexualité
A
- conception
- Développement prénatal: stade du zygote, stade de l’embryon (différentiation
fétus
8
Q
Quand et qu’est ce que le stade du zygote dans le développement prénatal
A
- les premiers 10-14 jours
- La cellule originale se divise en 2, 4, 8, 16, …
Jalon important : Les cellules commencent à se différentier, créant des régions et des structures
9
Q
Quand et qu’est-ce que le stade de l’embryon dans le développement prénatal
A
- L’amas de cellules s’implante dans la paroi de l’utérus.
Jalon important : Les cellules différentiées commencent à former des organes et des os
10
Q
À partir de quand on fait référence a un fétus et quand est-il viable
A
A neuf semaines, l’on distingue un visage et des mains. On appelle alors l’embryon « fétus »
Viable (survivre hors de l’utérus) vers 6 mois
11
Q
Pourquoi dit-on que lorsque fétus nous sommes tous des hermaphrodites (les 2 sexes)
A
Structures communes
- Gonades
- Canaux mesonéphriques (« Wolffian » , ♂)
- Canaux paramesonéphriques (« Müllerian » , ♀)
- Structures extérieures: Tubercule génitale, sillon urogénital, pli labioscrotal
12
Q
Quest ce que la différentiation (masculinisation précisémment) vers 8 semaines
A
le gene SRY sur le chromosome Y quand il s’exprime demande aux gonades de devenir testicules (EXTRA qui vont eventuellemetn secrété testosterone, androgens, estrigens and spression of female internal reporductive system)
*si pas ce gene tt se développe vers un phénotype féminin
13
Q
dans les testicules (masculin): quels sont les 3 choses qui arrivent et leurs effets
A
- Hormone antimüllérienne: Dégradation des canaux paramesonéphriques
- Testostérone (T): Canaux mesonéphriques Þ (se développe) épididymes, vas deferens, vésicule séminal
- Dihydrotestostérone (DHT): Tubercule génitale Þ (se développe) pénis
14
Q
En l’absence d’androgène quel est le phénotype et quels 3 choses arrivent et leur effet
A
Féminin
- Dégradation des canaux mesonéphriques
- Canaux paramésonéphriques Þ utérus, trompe de Fallope, vagin
- Tubercule génitale Þ clitoris
15
Q
nomme les 3 structures internes et ce qu’il sont chez l’homme et la femme
A
- Gonades: testicules, ovaires
- Canaux mesonéphriques (wolffian): homme=Épidydyme, vas deferens,
vésicules séminaux - canaux paramesonéphriques (Mullerian): femme=(se developpe en) Utérus et son col, trompe de
Fallope, partie supérieure du vagin
16
Q
nomme les 2 structures externes et ce qu’il sont chez l’homme et la femme
A
- Tubercule génitale, sillon
urogénital
- Homme: Pénis, gland, prostate
- Femme: Clitoris - Pli labioscrotal
- Homme: Scrotum
- Femme: Labia majoris, minoris
17
Q
EXTRA au niveau culturel dans l’ouest cmt on assume homme ou femme vs en afrique et pk
A
Ouest: interactions de genes et hormones tot dans le dev.
Afrique: naissen équivalent puis ‘‘made’’ ie
- male is thought to have female parts—the foreskin of the penis—must be removed to make a full male
- female is thought to have a male part—the external portion of the clitoris—must be removed to make a full female
or else: not reproduce successfully and will occupy a territory that few cultures find acceptable: the space between male and femal
18
Q
EXTRA is an indivudals sens of sexuality nurture or nature and why
A
both, because the sexual brain is connected to brain regions that play a role in our thinking, perceptions, and self-control, sexuality, attraction, desire, and a sexual sense of self
19
Q
Dans le développement des caractéristiques sexuelles, quels sont les caractéristiques primaires et secondaires
A
Primaires: organes de reproduction
Secondaires: poils, voix, seins
20
Q
Quest ce qui est prévisible et imprévisible dans la puberté
A
Une séquence prévisible, un « timing » imprévisible
21
Q
Développement des caractéristiques
sexuelles secondaires: les testicules produisent quoi et permettent de dev de quels choses (3)
A
testostérone
1. larynx
2. masse musculaire
3. poils
…
22
Q
Développement des caractéristiques
sexuelles secondaires: les ovaires produisent quoi et permettent le dev de quels 3 choses
A
Estrogène
1. seins
2. Tissus adipeux
3. bassin large grace a laugemntation d’estrogen
…
23
Q
Tableau du typical sequence of puberty chez les filles: approximatif
A
- ovaires produisent + doestrogene et progesterone (9)
- organes sex interne grossissent (91/2)
- seins grossissent (10)
- poussée croissance (12)
- poussée croissance muscle et organes incluant hanche (121/2)
- 1ere regles (121/2)
- 1ere ovulation (131/2)
p.21
24
Q
Tableau du typical sequence of puberty chez les gars: approximatif
A
- testicules produisent + testostérone (10)
- organes sex interne grossissent (11)
- production sperme et 1ere éjaculation (13)
- poussée croissance (14)
- poussée croissance muscle et organes incluant épaules (141/2)
- voix graves (15)
- poil visage (16)
25
EXTRA quest ce quune hormone, ils affectent quoi et sont régulé par quoi
Définition: chemical messengers released into the bloodstream by endocrine organs such as the gonads and the brain.
hormones can affect not only cells and tissues within the originating body, or person, but also cells and tissues in different persons (e.g., through smell).
hormones are regulated by feedback signals from every organ affected
26
EXTRA The 7 main hormones associated with sexual development, reproduction, and/or behaviour, are they in men or women
In men and women:
1. *estradiol (estrogens)*
- for male brain+spermatogenesis+libido/erection
- for women breaths
- for both cessation of growth of long bones,
2. *testosterone (androgens)* come from estrogen
- for both for hair growth,
- for men growth of testes and lower voice,
3. progesterone (progestogens)
Less but still: vasopressin (fluid balance+cardiovascular/autonomic regulation), oxytocin (lacting, bonding, sexual arousal but not caue it), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
27
EXTRA what is the approach-avoidance hypothesis of oxytocin and link with trustworthiness
ameliorate social unease so difference just for introvert
- when oxtytocin, perceive people to be more trustworthy, attractive, relationship survival but being in love not necessarly mean increase in oxyocin
28
EXTRA What are pheromones, 4 types and exmaple
- special kind of smell because they act outside of one’s body (unlike hormones) to affect the social behaviour of others that may play a role in human sexuality produced by apocrine glands controlled by androgens
- 4 types: territorial, menstrual/fertile, sexual, and maternal–infant
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compounds have been found in these secretions, suggesting that women have a way of communicating their genetic makeup to potential or current sexual partners ie why women synchronise mesntrual cycle
29
EXTRA Permimenopausal vs menopaual definiton, leads to what and why
Perimenopausal: fluctuating level of estrogen and progesteron, libido issues, hot flashes... associated with decline in estradiol levels
Menopausal: 12 months no period
30
EXTRA in women who have complaints of low libido ie bc of age (40-60 especially) administration of what may have beneficial effect
androgen
31
EXTRA what is Andropause and leads to and possible solution
Homme vieillisse et remarque diminution de testosterone levels = low libido (with or without erectile disfunction), low energy, increased irritability, decrease strength, breasts
Possible solution: androgen replacement ie low libido caued by hypogonadism is treated with androgens
32
EXTRA who is best at detecting axillary odor and when, do women prefer t-short worn by a man dissimilar or simillar genetically to them based on their MHC
women, especially during fertile time
dissimilar, especially during ovulation
33
EXTRA the responsiveness of a person’s brain to sex hormones, as well as differential responses between females and males, results from
prenatal exposure to androgen ans estrogens affecting sexuality, gender identity ans dexual attraction
34
EXTRA L'administration d'androgene est utilisé pour traiter quoi chez les hommes et les femmes
sexual dysfunction (androgen and estrogen) but low levels doesnt necessarly mean low sexual desire ie when you take pill
35
EXTRA for women, sexual desire is positively, ngatively and unrelated to which hormone and is it the only factor
sexual desire is positively correlated with estradiol, negatively related to progesterone, and unrelated to testosterone
But also importance of social context as it can affect androgen levels
36
EXTRA 6 examples that sexual activity, as well as other life experiences, can also affect levels of estrogens and testosterone
1. sexual activity increases testosterone in women and men
2. intimate physical interactions, whether sexual or nonsexual, can increase testosterone in women
3. sexual arousal decreases levels of cortisol and increases levels of estradiol in women
*The role that hormones play in sexual arousal is still uncertain
4. anticipation of intercourse may lead to increased testosterone in both men and women
5. an increase in testosterone levels in women who were asked to think of a sexual fantasy
6. viewing erotic stimuli was shown to increase testosterone levels in men but not in women and to increase estradiol levels in women
37
EXTRA The brain regulates sex hormone production through a mechanism known as the
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis)
38
EXTRA for humans, birth rates are highest when and lowest when
Birth rates highest in late summer and early autumn
Birth rates lowest in late winter and early spring
peak conception rates in the darkest winter months and lowest conception rates in the early summer months
39
EXTRA the reproductive female cycle: what happens id fertilization of the egg does not take place and when do we see peak estrogen and peak progesterone
A new cycle begins
- peak estrogen: at ovulation b/w follicuar (growth of lining) and luteal phase
- peak progesterone during postovulatory phase/luteal phase (increase complexity of endometrium)
40
EXTRA is there a link b/w menstrual phase and self-reported mood and is there a solution
- Direct relationship between ovarian hormones and mood is not well established, even in cases of PMDD *some say psychosocial factor ie stress/physical health
- Evidence of the impact of estrogen and progesterone treatments on premenstrual symptoms are inconclusive (only on women w/ mood disorder)
41
EXTRA cisnormativity
the belief that trans identities or bodies are less authentic or “normal
42
EXTRA trans men or women tell sooner to partner
or trans men, this discussion typically happens much earlier in a sexual relationship.
43
EXTRA why some choose not to transition and identitfy how
- suggest that have medical disorder
- medical condition
- reject that they have to choose or posses all charcteristics
- often identify as genderqueer
44
EXTRA Hermaphrodites and term today, they often identify as what
individuals with both female and male reproductive organs
- mais vue comme péjoratif:
disorders of sexual development (DSDs) is favoured to describe the congenital conditions that lead to intermediate expression of female and male phenotypes (often identify as intersex)
45
4 syndromes de variation chromosomales, pour 2 quest ce qui explique le phénotype
1. Turners syndrome: X0, pas de Y/pas de gene SRY donc féminin (short, underdev. breaths, hormonal prob so trt growth hormone)
2. Klinefelter's syndrome: XXY (ou + de X): gene SRY donc phénotype prob masculin (plus de masse de graisse, lower testosterone so often trt=testo.) (most common)
3. Super male: XYY
4. Triple-x syndrome: XXX
46
2 variations du génotype masculin (XY) (genetic abnormality)
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
5 alpha reductase deficiency
47
Quest ce que le Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) et les gens savent-ils?
- Gonades = testicules (SRY mais non descendues)
- ≠ d’organes reproducteurs internes
- Organes externes = féminins (vulve, vagin court)
- A la puberté, développement de C.S.S féminins (seins, …)
- Phénotype Þ ♀
*les cellules ne savent pas interprete la présence de testostérone donc aura peu ou pas deffet et plus de chance de developpeer organes extérieurs feminin
*ne savent pas quils sont AIS, sen rendre compte qd pas de menstruation...
EXTRA: partiel (intermediate male/female characteristics) ou complet (genital typically female)
- most raised as girls and heterosexual and id as women
48
Quest ce que le 5 alpha reductase deficiency
- Condition héritable, connue surtout en République Dominicaine (“güevedoces”), en Nouvelle Guinée et en Turquie
- ≠ convertir la testostérone en dihydrotestostérone
- ≠ organes génitaux externes à la naissance (mais interne ok)
- EXTRA: external genitals develop as females typically
- Développement du pénis vers l’âge de 12 ans
- Phénotype Þ ♀,♂
*donc a la naissance penis pas completeemnt developper donc beosin boost tetsosterone a ladolescence (donc plus feminin a la naissance)
EXTRA: assigned female but id as men when change and attracted to women
Traiteemnt: hormone therapy or surgery if want
49
Variation du génotype féminin (XX) et explication (genetic abnormality)
Hyperplasie surrénale congénitale (CAH)
- Surproduction d’androgènes par les glandes surrenales
- Développement d’organes génitaux externes ambigus (plus masculins) mais ni clairement féminin ni clairement masculin
Sx: formes et variations sur parties génitales ie pas de vagin ouvert, large clitoris, shorter vagina and even male appearing external genitals but internally unaffected, polycistic ovarian syndrome, body hair, girls=agressive, boys=less agressive, lower sexual arousability, majority heterosexual even if prenatal exposure to androgene but still
Traiteemnts: adressing symptoms, hormone therapy, genital surgery, if prego steroid dexamethasone to decrease androgens so not passed to fetus but effets secondaires...
EXTRA: autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting cortisol synthesis in the adrenal gland.
50
EXTRA which gender transition is more likely
female gender role at birth are significantly more likely to undergo gender transition from the female to the male gender role than those assigned to the male role at birth are to transition from the male to the female gender role
51
EXTRA Gender development involves three related processes
- detecting gender (1 an): being able to identify the similarities and differences between females and males;
- having gender (2-3 ans): recognizing in oneself characteristics shared by either boys or girls or both; (3-4): gender consistancy (cant change gender if change har)
- doing gender (5-7 ans): matching one’s gendered behaviour with female or male gender stereotypes.
52
EXTRA is stereotypical preferences ie boy active toy innate or adopted
Some say gender socialization through observational learning or operational learning (reinforced/punished depending if gender-conforming) *The pink-for-girls and blue-for-boys gender stereotype is, however, a fairly recent phenomenon
Others say by evidence, influence of androgen during prenatal development is associated with preferring boys’ toys and behaving in a gender-nonconforming
+study on nonhuman primates show innate too
53
EXTRA alternative to gender-affirming surgery and is it well seen
- enocurage to accept birth sex bc vast majo gender-nonconfirming desist in their gender dysphoria
- puberty blockers or hormones-replaceemnt therapy so can choose later and effect
54
EXTRA Birth-assigned males who identify as women are referred to as
trans women
55
EXTRA gender-queer
not subscribing to the binary of “male” or “female.” Genderqueer individuals might identify with both binary genders/sexes, neither binary gender/sex, or a combination of gender/sex distinctions
56
EXTRA two-spirit and are there appreciated
SGD Indigenous peoples with nonbinary gender identities and nontraditional sexualities
*attracted to the same gender or both genders, and/or is transgender or intersex, and/or identifies with both genders
*before colonization was it appreciated: yes (healers)
*modern= homophobia and transphobia=higher health mental issues
57
EXTRA process for transitioning gender and sex
1. Psychological eval (be sure not gender change bc gender dysphoria or mental health issue or autism)
Physical eval (determine if intersex and other factors that might play a role during hormonal and surgical transition ie general health)
+group therapy for support maybe
2. eal-life experience, or social transition: fully transition to the social role matching their gender...maybe discrimination so group support
3. Hormone-replaceemnt therapy
- Trans men begin taking injections of testosterone at this stage and associated transformation (increase desire)
- Trans women begin taking androgen-blocking medications and estrogens at this stage and associated transformation (does not, however, stop male-pattern balding or beard growth) (lower sex drive)
4. gender-affirming surgery (1 year after homone therapy)
- Trans women: bilateral orchidectomy (removal of the testicles) and reconstruction of the penile and scrotal tissues to form a vulva (labiaplasty, clitoral construction) and a vaginal canal (vaginoplasty). Adams apple, faciale, breast
- TRans men: bilateral mastectomy (removal of both breasts) and cosmetic surgery to create a male-typical chest appearance, complete hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), an oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries), and often scrotoplasty and phalloplasty (construction of a scrotum and a penis, respectively). Many trans men forego phalloplasty
58
EXTRA T or FASLE in australian, cad, us you can choose other option (australian passport) and not female male even if not undergone surgery
true
59
Intersexe, définition et exemple
Ambiguité génitale, non-concordance du génotype et du phénotype sexuel
(pas hermaphrodite car pas les 2)
ie hyperplasie congénitale, un testicule un ovaire, micropénis)
60
synonime de mtf et ftm
amable et afable
61
EXTRA sex definition vs gender definition
- sex refers to biological femaleness or maleness or intersex—as indicated by genes, hormones, and physiology
- whereas gender refers to the psychological experience of femaleness or maleness influencing gendre identity and gender role
62
EXTRA where does gender development begin
Before birth, individual’s phenotype is strongly influenced by that person’s genotype. Chromosomal sex plays a definite role because the X and Y chromosomes contribute to determining female or male
63
EXTRA est-ce que SRY gene tjrs present sur SX embryo
Usually mais pas necessairement ie
- SRY express on X=female
- SRY silent on Y=male
64
Quest ce qui est associé au sexe biologique
Sexe « biologique » =
chromosomes +
hormones +
développement in utero +
développement ex utero +…
* Et surtout:
génotype <> phénotype
65
Comment se faisait la détermination du sexe en 2000 vs 2006
Avant 2000: XY: Pénis ≥ 1” : ♂. Sinon, ♀. XX:
Consensus 2006
- AIS, CAS: ♀; 5-AR: ♂.
- Importance d’une réflexion multidisciplinaire; la chirurgie n’est pas urgente
66
Quest ce que le cas avec John Money dans la détemrination médicale du sexe et ce quil montre
Le cas de bruce / Brenda (1966+), Né « bruce » ; frère jumeau brian
- 8 mois: circoncision ratée, perte de son pénis
- 22 mois, orchidectomie & vaginoplastie, renomée « brenda »
- Élevée comme une fille (pas jouet de son frère, etre doux avec brenda et pas brian, voire doctor money pour differencier dans leur genre), et l’incident tenu secret, « Happy ever after » ?
- Brenda pas à l’aise avec son genre (rejet des roles féminins)
- A l’age de 14, reprend un genre masculin: chirurgie
- Adultes, bruce et son frère jumeau se suicident tous les deux
Money pense: lidee que le genre resulte de leducation est problémtique, lenfant doit etre socialiser correctement des le départ: cest urgent!!!
Mtn: moins urgent
« L’identité de genre est socialement déterminée »
67
Évolution du concept de genre en bref
avant genre concu comme sociale, mais mtn genre est percu comme emergent de nos identitaire
68
Évolution du concept de genre: a lorigine, 20e et 21e
A l’origine
- En anglais, « gender » (personnes ou choses partageant des traits communs)du fra et latin: utilisé pour différencier les hommes et les
femmes depuis au moins le 15e sc.
- En français, « sexe » (biologique = homme, femme) est différent de « genre » (grammatical = masculin, féminin; biologie = espèce)
20e sc: Genre = Effet de l’influence sociale sur l’individu
- En partie sous l’impulsion des mouvements existentialistes, l’on distingue « sexe biologique
inné » et « sexe social acquis »
- Cette distinction est reprise par J. Money et mvt féministes des années ’60
21e sc: Genre = identité
* Le genre se situe dans, et s’exprime par l’individu: multifactoriel et comprend la perception de soi, l’expression sociale
69
The genderbread person schéma, 4 composantes
p.29
4 composantes sur un continuum
1. gender identity: woman-ness or man-ness
2. gender expression: féminine ou masculine
3. Biological sex: females-ness or male-ness
4. Sexually attracted to
70
L’identité de genre est-elle nécessairement
* Ancrée dans une polarité (homme – femme) ?
* Fixe et immuable ?
et pareil partout?
non ie
- Genderqueer: Queer theory (Fuss, Butler, Wilchins), rejet des étiquettes
- non-binary
- gender-fluid
et a mtl différent que europe ie pour terminologie
71
Quest ce que la dysphorie de genre: définition, ce que c'est chez les enfants, ce que ce n'est pas
« Je suis né(e) dans le mauvais corps »
Une détresse profonde et persistante d'identification intense et persistante à l'autre sexe
- Inconfort et rejet de son corps, notamment de ses parties génitales
Chez les enfants, une forte préférence pour les vêtements, jeux, rôles, … de l’autre sexe
N’est pas
- Une « simple » non conformance de genre
- Un état dépressif plus général
- Une psychose ou schizophrénie
- Un intérêt paraphilique (autogynéphilie, transvestisme, …)
- Une dysmorphie somatique donc mal-etre de présentation de mon corps (ni une apotemnophilie ie couper jambes et sentir mieux)
72
2 trajectoires de dysphorie de genre
Deux trajectoires (au moins !)
- Début précoce: certains, dès 2-4 ans
- Début tardif: souvent, vers l’adolescence
73
Un parcours de transition (d’affirmation) de genre selon apparence et comporteemnt, CSS, CSP et esct linéaire
Apparence et comportement: cross-dressing, charm school, vocal training
CSS: hair removal, hormone therapy, laryngal surgery, breast augmentation
CSP: genital surgery
jusqua modification physique mais pas necessairement: pas linéaire
74
Un parcours de transition (d’affirmation) de genre selon apparence et comporteemnt, CSS, CSP et esct linéaire
Apparence et comporteemnt: cross-dressing
CSS: hormone therapy, breast reduction
CSP: genital surgery
jusqua modification physique mais pas necessairement: pas linéaire
75
problème dans un parcours de transition au niveau des éléments externes de son identité
Prénom, statut administratif, garde-robe, genre sur passeport
probleme: change apparence, carte ne pourra plus identifier, pleins de marqueurs a travers identité administrative (societe na pas encore changer, pas pret a des changements de mm)
76
Dans les Réassignation chirurgicale on chnage quel caractère sexuelle et les 2/3/ types + noms pour féminin ou masculin
changers les caractere sexuelle primaires avec la chiriurge
- Top-surgery
- Bottom-surgery:
* FtM: phalloplastie
*MtF: Vaginoplastie
- Féminisation du larynx: pomme d'adam geneant pour certain
- orthophonie: facon dont je dis les choses
77
EXTRA for humans, birth rates are highest when and lowest when
Birth rates highest in late summer and early autumn
Birth rates lowest in late winter and early spring
peak conception rates in the darkest winter months and lowest conception rates in the early summer months
78
EXTRA Gender role and gender identity are therefore products of the intersections among what 3 facet of gender
psychological, biological, and sociocultural (gender schemas and stereotypes) (so not nature OR nurture)
79
EXTRA reason we use gender/sex term
capture the wholeness of people and their identities in relation to phenomena that cannot be attributed solely to sex or gender
80
EXTRA should we conider gender/sex to be dynamic or static
multi-faceted and dynamic nature of gender/sex
81
EXTRA transgender
A person whose gender does not align with their birth-assigned sex.
82
EXTRA intersex
Variations in reproductive and/or genital anatomy from what is considered to be typical in either a female or a male
83
EXTRA 3 most common theoretical frameworks used to understand gender/sex and sexuality:
1. evolutionary psychology: differences in biologically/physiologically determined reproductive roles give rise to differences in gendered psychological processes/behaviour to maximie likelihood children will survive/reproduce ie girls lower sex drive bc can have limited number of bb vs men + traits leading to more bb asociated w/natural selection (genetically or socially) + importance of environment for behaviour
2. social learning theory: gender/sex differences result of observational learning *female sexual fluidity hypothesis: female sexuality is more malleable than male to cultural influences
3. social structural theory: gender differences in sexuality arise because of a gender binary division of power from gender-stratified workforce where men control resources (gender norm) *sexual attitudes do not seem to vary with gender empowerment.
84
EXTRA what is Janet Hydras gender similarities hypothesis
women and men are more similar than different for most psychological variables - exceptions include psychological factors related to physical capacities like throwing velocity, aggressive behaviours, greater masturbation incidence, greater erotic materials use, sociosexuality (casual sex), jeleaousy (bc fear bb not theirs)
*differences in homosexuality and hetero tho
85
EXTRA 4 differences in sexual orientation
1. Women are, however, less likely than men to report exclusive different-gender/sex attraction but women more likely to be bi
2. as women’s sex drive increases (as might be suggested by a relatively higher number of sexual partners), so does their sexual attraction to both women and men, whereas for men no such association exists
3. cisgender women (women whose gender aligns with their birth-assigned sex) are far more likely than cisgender men to report some degree of both same- and other-gender/sex attraction (bi gr)
4. more non-hispanic white women say not just attracted to opposite sex
WOmen just have more fluid sexuality
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EXTRA T or F as women’s sex drive increases (as might be suggested by a relatively higher number of sexual partners), so does their sexual attraction to both women and men, whereas for men no such association exists.
true
87
EXTRA traditional vs contemporary models of sexual response
- Traditional models of sexual response: desire at the start of sexual response
- contemporary models place desire as emerging from activation of the sexual response system, triggered by sexual cues
88
EXTRA is it truly the case that sexual motivation is greater among men
- biases bc auto-rapporté
- reducing the complexity of sexual motivation to “sex” misrepresents the science bc other circumstance
89
EXTRA Research suggests that women and men differ in two aspects of their sexual response to sexual stimuli and why
specificity of sexual arousal (correspondance b/w sexual attraction vs arousal) and sexual concordance (genital vs reported arousal) (greater in men)
*Women who report same-gender/sex attractions show greater arousal to female stimuli than do women who report no same-gender/sex attractions
Why: awareness of genital arousal may not be a significant factor in determining their desire for a partner. Given that most women experience automatic genital response to sexual stimuli,
90
EXTRA T or FASLE in australian, cad, us you can choose other option (australian passport) and not female male even if not undergone surgery
true
