Core Vocabulary Course Theme 8 (Urbanisation and City Life)

Question 1

To be on a tight budget:

Answer 1

if you are on a tight budget, you do not have much money to spend.
مشكل بودجه داشتن
When the government is on a tight budget, the homeless population becomes large.
وقتي دولت مشكل بودجه دارد، جمعيت بي خانمان ها زياد مي شود.
Because of the general economic climate, many people were on a tight budget.
به دليل مشكل وضعيت اقتصادي عموم، بسياري از مردم با مشكل روبرو شدند
نكته: عبارت
economic climate
را مي توانيد در حالت رسمي تر به جاي
economic conditions
به معني “شرايط اقتصادي” بكار ببريد

Question 2

The private sector:

Answer 2

the industries and services in a country that are owned and run by
private companies, and not by the government
بخش خصوصي
The Private sector releases the government from the burden of funding large-sized construction programmes.
بخش خصوصي بار سنگين سرمايه گذاري برروي برنامه هاي ساختماني در ابعاد بزرگ را از دوش دولت برمي
دارد.
Pay increases in the private sector
افزايش هاي حقوق در بخش خصوصي

Question 3

At the mercy of somebody/something:

Answer 3

unable to do anything to protect yourself from
someone or something.
تحت كنترل چيزي بودن و از خود كنترل نداشتن
The housing industry should be at the mercy of the market, rather than the government.
صنعت ساختمان سازي بايد تحت كنترل بازار باشد، نه دولت.
After the boat’s motor failed, they were at the mercy of the weather.
پس از خرابي موتور قايق، آنها تحت كنترل هوا بودند

Question 4

Cityscape:

Answer 4

the way a city looks, or the way it looks from a particular place
ظاهر شهر
When the state controls over the housing market, residential constructions would be built in a similar pattern and the cityscape would be monotonous.
وقتي دولت بازار ساخت و سازهاي شهري را كنترل مي كند، ساختماني هاي مسكوني به يك شكل مشابه ساخته مي شوند و ظاهر شهر يكنواخت خواهد شد.
At night the cityscape is stunning.
ظاهر شهر شبها بسيار زيبا مي شود
نكته: به جاي government
مي توانيد براي تنوع از
stateهم استفاده كنيد.

Question 5

Housing:

Answer 5

the houses or conditions that people live in
مسكن
In addressing homelessness and inadequate housing, the joint effort of both government and
private sector is required.
در برطرف كردن مشكل بي خانماني و كمبود مسكن، تلاش مشترك دولت و بخش خصوصي لازم است.
A scheme to provide affordable housing for local people.
طرحي براي فراهم كردن مسكن ارزان قيمت براي مردم محلي

Question 6

The housing/property etc market:

Answer 6

the total amount of trade in selling and buying houses.
بازار مسكن
Government assistance in property market is essential for low-income families and vulnerable
individuals in need of housing.
كمك دولت در بازار مسكن براي خانواده هاي كم درآمد و افراد آسيب پذيري كه نياز به مسكن دارند لازم است.
Investors in the property market are worried about rising inflation.
سرمايه گذاران در بازار مسكن نگران تورم روبه افزايش هستند

Question 7

Pedestrian precinct:

Answer 7

an area of a town where people can walk and shop, and where cars are not allowed
منطقه عابرين پياده
Most cities now have pedestrian precincts and cars have been temporarily banned from the center to reduce pollution.
بيشتر شهرها در حال حاضر مناطق عابرپياده دارند و ماشين ها به صورت هميشگي از مركز شهر قدغن شده اند.
I think they should make the whole area a pedestrian precinct.
من فكر مي كنم آنها بايد كل منطقه را يك منطقه عابر پياده كنند

Question 8

Prohibit somebody from doing something

Answer 8

to say that an action is illegal or not allowed
كسي را از انجام كاري قدغن كردن
They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates.
آنها از آشكار كردن جزئيات كانديداها منع شدند.
Pollution from car exhausts is the most important reason for prohibiting private motor vehicles
from entering the city centre.
آلودگي از اگزوز ماشين مهمترين دليل براي منع ماشين هاي شخصي از ورود به مركز شهر است

Question 9

Ban somebody from doing something (Banned/Banning):

Answer 9

to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc
كسي را از انجام كاري قدغن كردن
Cars should be banned from city centers to reduce the noise pollution from traffic, which forces
people to keep their windows permanently closed.
ماشين ها بايد براي كاهش آلودگي صوتي ناشي از ترافيك، كه افراد از وادار مي كند پنجره هاي خود را دائماً بسته
نگاه دارند، از ورود به مركز شهر قدغن شوند.
Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.
چارلي به مدت يك سال از رانندگي منع شد

Question 10

Fumes:

Answer 10

strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in.
دود
Beautiful buildings are spoilt by car parks and pretty streets become unpleasant due to
permanent traffic congestion and exhaust fumes.
ساختمان هاي جديد به خاطر پاركينگ هاي ماشين زشت شده اند و خيابان هاي زيبا نيز به خاطر ترافيك و دود دائمي اگزوز ماشين ها نازيبا شده اند.
Some scientists are concerned about long-term exposure to car exhaust fumes.
برخي دانشمندان نگران در معرض طولاني قرار گرفتن در برابر دود اگزوز هستند
نكته: توجه داشته باشيد كه اين كلمه هميشه بصورت جمع استفاده مي شود

Question 11

Measure:

Answer 11

an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular problem
راهكار
Measures should be taken to reduce the amount of noise in our daily lives.
راهكارهايي بايد براي كاهش ميزان نويز در زندگي روزمره ما پياده سازي شود.
Measures are being taken to reduce crime in the city.
براي كاهش جرم در شهرها بايد راهكارهايي اجرا شود
نكته: همانطوريكه مي بينيد فعل مورد استفاده براي اين كلمه
takeاست.
يعني: Take measures

Question 12

Residential area:

Answer 12

a part of a town consists of private houses, with no offices or factories
منطقه مسكوني
Local authorities ought to consider imposing strict speed limits in residential areas.
مسئولين محلي بايد محدوديت هايي براي سرعت در مناطق مسكوني درنظر بگيرند.
The museum is about 6 blocks from downtown in a quiet residential area.
موزه تقريباً 6چهارراه از مركز شهر فاصله داشته و در يك منطقه مسكوني قرار دارد

Question 13

Zone:

Answer 13

a large area that is different from other areas around it in some way.
محدوده
If you enter the traffic zone, you have to pay the standard charge.
اگر شما به محدوده ترافيكي وارد شويد، بايد هزينه استانداردي را پرداخت كنيد.
San Francisco and Tokyo are both located in earthquake zones.
سانفرانسيسكو و توكيو هردو در محدوده هاي زلزله اي قرار گرفته اند

Question 14

Scheme:

Answer 14

an official plan that is intended to help people in some way, for example by
providing education or training
طرح
The congestion scheme is policed by cameras which photograph all cars entering the area.
طرح ترافيك بوسيله دوربين هايي كه از تمام ماشين هاي وارد شونده به اين منطقه عكس مي گيرند، كنترل مي
شوند.
The money will be used for teacher training schemes.
از اين پول براي طرح هاي آموزش به مدرسين استفاده مي شود

Question 15

Upgrade:

Answer 15

to improve something and make it more modern, especially in order to provide a better service
بهبود بخشيدن، مدرن كردن
Some of the money from the congestion charging scheme is used to upgrade public transport.
قسمتي از پول طرح ترافيكي براي بهبود حمل و نقل عمومي صرف مي شود.
The hotel has recently been refurbished and upgraded.
هتل اخيراً بازسازي و مدرن شده است

Question 16

Public transport:

Answer 16

buses, trains etc that are available for everyone to use
حمل و نقل عمومي
Because of reductions in the number of private vehicles on our roads, public transport are
providing a quicker, more efficient service that they did in the past.
به خاطر كاهش تعداد وسايل نقليه شخصي در جاده ها، حمل و نقل عمومي خدمات سريعتر و موثرتري را نسبت
به قبل فراهم مي كند.
Most transport investment has gone on road construction and not on public transport.
بيشتر سرمايه گذاري حمل و نقل برروي ساخت جاده ها خرج شده است نه حمل و نقل عمومي

Question 17

Affordable:

Answer 17

inexpensive; reasonably priced.
با قيمت متعادل
Lond-distance train services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving
your own car for long journeys.
سرويس قطار راه دور بايد جايگزين هاي جذاب تر و ارزان قيمت تري به جاي رانندگي با ماشين شخصي براي
مسافرت هاي راه دور شود.
Providing affordable public transportation
فراهم كردن حمل و نقل عمومي با قيمت مناسب

Question 18

Gridlock:

Answer 18

a situation in which streets in a city are so full of cars that they cannot move
راهبندان
Only better public transport can save the city centres from the threat of gridlock.
تنها حمل و نقل عمومي بهتر مي تواند مراكز شهر را از تهديد راهبندان حفظ كند.
The average commuter spends the equivalent of 3.5 days in gridlock every year.
مسافرين درون شهري معمولي هرسال معادل 3.5روز خود را در راهبندان ها مي گذرانند

Question 19

Urban:

Answer 19

relating to towns and cities
شهري
The growing trend of cities is considered as a trigger for numerous urban problems.
روند گسترش شهرها يك عامل براي مشكلات شهري متعدد به حساب مي آيد.
Unemployment in urban areas
بيكاري در مناطق شهري
نكته :1اين صفت هميشه بايد همراه با يك اسم استفاده شود.
نكته :2از كلمه trigger
به معني “دليل” يا “عامل” هم مي توانيد به جاي
causeاستفاده كنيد

Question 20

Inner city:

Answer 20

the part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings are in a bad condition and the people are poor.
مركز فقير و قديمي شهر
The room in the inner city is so limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate
an ever-growing population.
فضا در مركز شهر آنقدر محدود است كه نمي تواند مكان كافي براي برطرف كردن نياز جمعيت درحال افزايش
را فراهم كند.
The problems of our inner cities
مشكلات در مراكز شهر ما

Question 21

Infrastructure:

Answer 21

the basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in
order to work properly, for example roads, railways, banks etc.
امكانات زيرساختي
Another problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage.
مشكل ديگري كه در مركز شهر شدت يافته است، كمبود امكانات زيرساختي است.
Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure.
برخي كشورها يك زيرساخت اقتصادي مناسب ندارند.
A $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure
يك بسته سرمايه گذاري 65بيليون دلاري در آموزش و پرورش، بهداشت و امكانات زيرساختي

Question 22

Amenities:

Answer 22

something that makes a place comfortable or easy to live in.
امكانات يك مكان
Lack of amenities, such as water and electricity supply and sewage treatment has left no choice
to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs.
كمبود امكانات، مثل آب و برق و سيستم فاضلاب شهرنشينان را مجبور كرده است كه به حومه هاي شهر مهاجرت
كنند.
Houses that lack basic amenities
خانه هايي كه امكانات اوليه را ندارند
نكته :1به جاي عبارت “چيزي كسي را مجبور به كاري كردن” مي توانيد از عبارت:
something leaves no choice to someone but to
استفاده كنيد.
نكته :2از
dwellersدر تركيبات مختلفي مي توانيد استفاده كنيد. مثلا:
City/Urban/Town/Cave dwellers

Question 23

Quality of life:

Answer 23

how good or bad your life is, shown for example by whether or not you are
happy, healthy, able to do what you want etc
كيفيت زندگي
People nowadays have higher expectations for quality of life.
مردم امروزه انتظارات بيشتري براي كيفيت زندگي دارند.
Drugs that improve the quality of life for very ill patients.
داروهايي كه كيفيت زندگي را براي بيماران بالا مي برد

Question 24

Outskirts:

Answer 24

The parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre
حومه شهر
It is possibly the main reason why the real estate market has its focus now on the outskirts of
the city.
اين شايد مهمترين دليل براي تمركز بازار مسكن بر حومه شهر است.
They live on the outskirts of Paris.
آنها در حومه پاريس زندگي مي كنند.
نكته: همانطوريكه مي بينيد اين كلمه هميشه به صورت جمع بكار مي رود و حرف اضافه آن نيز Onاست

Question 25

Ubiquitous:

Answer 25

seeming to be everywhere - sometimes used humorously:
موجود در همه جا
The affordability and ubiquity of cars has made transport a less serious concern for those living
in suburbs.
ارزاني و دردسترس بودن ماشين ها حمل و نقل را يك نگراني كمتر براي آنهايي كه در حومه ها زندگي مي كنند
كرده است.
Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
امروزه كافي شاپ ها همه جا هستند

Question 26

With ease:

Answer 26

if you do something with ease, it is very easy for you to do it, easily.
به راحتي
People can commute daily between the place of work and the place of residence with ease.
مردم مي توانند بين محل كار و محل زندگي شان به راحتي رفت و آمد كنند.
Randy learns new languages with ease.
رندي به راحتي زبان هاي جديد را ياد مي گيرد

Question 27

Expansion:

Answer 27

when something increases in size, range, amount etc.
گسترش
The expansion of cities will make a marked impact on the society in several dimensions.
گسترش شهرها در ابعاد مختلف يك تاثير محسوس برروي جامعه دارد.
The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
گسترش سريع شهرها مي توانند مشكلات اجتماعي و اقتصادي ايجاد كنند

Question 28

The volume of traffic:

Answer 28

the amount of traffic.
حجم ترافيك
We believe that the plans will increase the volume of traffic.
ما براين باوريم كه برنامه ها حجم ترافيك را افزايش مي دهند.
The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming.
حجم بالاي ترافيك بين مناطق شهري و حومه مي توان آلودگي هواي جدي بوجود آورده و زمين هاي مناسب براي كشاورزي را كاهش دهد

Question 29

Sprawl:

Answer 29

a large area of buildings that are spread out in an untidy and unattractive way.
ساختمان هاي بي نظم
Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities.
بي نظمي ساخت و سازهاي شهري نيازمند توسعه بزرگي است، كه باعث مي شود مناطق مشخصه هاي خوب
يكتاي خود را از دست بدهند.
We drove through miles of urban sprawl before we finally got out into the countryside.
ما مايل ها در بين ساختمان هاي پراكنده رانندگي كرديم تا سرانجام به حومه شهر رسيديم

Question 30

Relocate:

Answer 30

if a person or business relocates, or if they are relocated, they move to a
different place
جابجا شدن
A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England.
بسياري از شركت ها درحال انتقال به شمال انگليس هستند.
From the economic perspecitve, the relocation of a high populatoin in suburbs will pose adverse
impacts for the local government.
از نظر اقتصادي، جابجايي يك جمعيت عظيم از حومه هاي شهري، اثرات بدي را پيش روي دولت محلي قرار مي
دهد
نكته :1براي “جمعيت زياد” از عبارت high populationاستفاده كنيد.

نكته: 2 عبارت
pose a problem/difficulty/challenge to someone
يعني “مشكلي را براي كسي بوجود آوردن

Question 31

Overstaffed:

Answer 31

an overstaffed company, organization etc has more workers than it needs ≠
understaffed
داراي نيروي كار بيش از نياز
Clinics and schools are severely understaffed in rural areas, compared with their overstaffed
counterparts in the city.
بيمارستان ها و مدارس در مناطق روستايي، در مقايسه با نيروي كار بيش از نياز رقباي خود در شهرها، كمبود
نيروي كار دارند
The company has a big, overstaffed personnel department.
شركت دپارتمان پرسنلي بزرگي با نيروي كار بيش از حد نياز خود دارد

Question 32

Imbalance:

Answer 32

a lack of a fair or correct balance between two things, which results in
problems or unfairness synonym inequality
عدم تعادل
The imbalance of resource and staff has chronic effects on the well-being of rural people.
عدم تعادل منابع و نيروي كار اثرات طولاني مدتي برروي رفاه مردم روستا دارد.
The government must redress the imbalance in spending on urban and rural facilities.
دولت بايد عدم تعادل در پول خرج شده برروي امكانات شهري و روستايي را متعادل كند

Question 33

Disadvantaged:

Answer 33

having social problems, such as a lack of money or education, which make
it difficult for you to succeed.
محروم
Disadvantaged areas of the city
مناطق محروم شهر
Lack of education or medication has made rural people among the most disadvantaged in a
country.
كمبود امكانات آموزشي و پزشكي، مردم روستا را جزء محروم ترين قشر در يك كشور قرار داده است.
Health programs for the disadvantaged
برنامه هاي بهداشتي براي محرومين
نكته:
the disadvantagedاسم جمع بوده و به معني “محرومين” استفاده مي شود.

Question 34

In the race of/for:

Answer 34

a situation in which people are competing with each other to win a
prize or obtain a position of power
در رقابت براي رسيدن به
Opportunities are scarce in the city, where numerous candidates are in the race for a single
position.
فرصت هاي شغلي در شهرها بسيار كم هستند، در اين مناطق جويندگان بسياري در رقابت براي رسيدن به يك
شغل يكسان هستند.
He is no longer in the race for academic awards.
او ديگر به دنبال رسيدن به جوايز دانشگاهي نيست

Question 35

Satisfying:

Answer 35

making you feel pleased and happy, especially because you have got what you
wanted ≠ unsatisfying.
رضايت بخش
It is not ethical to stop the desire of individuals for a more satisfying quality of life.
اخلاقي نيست جلوي ميل افراد براي يك زندگي رضايت بخش تر بگيريم.
A deeply satisfying feeling
يك احساس عميق رضايت
نكته: دو صفت
“ Satisfactory
رضايت بخش براي انتخاب”
و
“ Satisfyingرضايت بخش و شادي آور” را از هم
تمييز دهيد:
There’s something very satisfying about baking your own bread.
The service in the hotel was not at all satisfactory

Question 36

Address a problem/question/issue etc:

Answer 36

if you address a problem, you start trying to solve
it
حل يك مشكل يا مسئله
Working in rural areas has many issues to address, working conditions, transport and housing.
كار كردن در مناطق روستايي مشكلاتي دارد كه بايد حل شوند مانند شرايط كاري، حمل و نقل و مسكن
Our products address the needs of real users.
محصولات ما نياز كاربران واقعي را مرتفع مي كند