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Cardiovascular System > Control of Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Control of Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

90/60 - 120/80 mmHg

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2
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Sustained increase in blood pressure

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3
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension?

A

> 140/90

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4
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension?

A

> 160/100

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5
Q

What is severe hypertension?

A

> 180 systolic

>110 diastolic

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6
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

Unknown cause

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7
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension with an underlying cause

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8
Q

What are the effects of hypertension?

A

Increased afterload

  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • increased myocardial oxygen demand

Arterial damage

  • atherosclerosis
  • weakened vessels
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9
Q

What are potential side effects of hypertension?

A 
Retinopathy
Heart failure
MI
Stroke 
Aneurysm 
Renal failure
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10
Q

How is blood pressure regulated in the short term?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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11
Q

How does the baroreceptor reflex work?

A

Nerve endings in carotid sinus/aortic arch
Stimulate medulla
Bradycardia / vasodilation
Counteract BP

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12
Q

How is blood pressure regulated in the longer term?

A

Neurohumoral responses - regulate sodium balance

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13
Q

What are the neurohumoral pathways controlling circulating volume?

A

RAAS
Sympathetic nervous system
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

What is RAAS?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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15
Q

What factors stimulate renin release?

A

Reduced NaCL delivery to distal tubule
Reduced perfusion pressure in kidney
Sympathetic stimulation

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16
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus

17
Q

What is the effect of renin?

A

Acts on angiotensinogen to release angiotensin 1

18
Q

Draw out RAAS

A 
Angiotensinogen 
(renin)
Angiotensin I
(ACE)
Angiotensin II
19
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction
Stimulares Na+ reabsorption at kidney
Stimulates aldosterone release

20
Q

What are the actions of aldosterone?

A

Acts on prinicpal cells of collecting ducts

Stimulates sodium reabsorption

  • activates apical Na+ channel (ENaC
  • increases action of Na/K/ATPase
21
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect BP?

A

High levels of sympatheric stimulation - reduce renal blood flow

  • decreases GFR
  • decreases Na+ excretion

Activates apical Na/H exchanger + Na/K/ATPase in PCT

Stimulates renin release from JGA

22
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

Formation of concentrated urine
- increases water reabsorption in distal nephron

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption

  • thick ascending limb
  • stimulates Na/K/Cl co-transporter

Vasoconstriction

23
Q

What stimulates ADH release?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity

Sever hypovolaemia

24
Q

What is ANP?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

25
Q

When is ANP released?

A

Released from atrial myocytes in response to stretch

26
Q

What is the effect of ANP?

A

Promotes Na+ excretion

27
Q

What are the actions of ANP?

A

Vasodilation of afferent arteriole
Increased blood flow = increased GFR

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption

28
Q

What are the effects of prostaglandins?

A

Act as vasodilator

Enhances GFR - reduces Na+ reabsorption

Buffer vasoconstriction by SNS and RAAS

29
Q

What is the effect of dopamine?

A

Vasodilation
Increases renal blood flow

Inhibits NH exchanger and Na/K/ATPase

30
Q

What are causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Renovascular disease
Renal parenchymal disease
Conn’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome

31
Q

How does renovascular disease cause hypertension?

A

Occlusion of renal artery (renal artery stenosis)
Decreased perfusion pressure
Increased renin production
Activation of RAAS

32
Q

How does renal parenchymal disease cause hypertension?

A

Earlier stages - loss of vasodilator substances

Later stages - Na+ + water retention due to poor GFR

33
Q

How does Conn’s syndrome cause hypertension?

A

Aldosterone secreting adenoma

34
Q

How does Cushing’s syndrome cause hypertension?

A

Excess secretion of cortisol

At high concentration acts on aldosterone receptors

Cardiovascular System (16 decks)

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