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Medical Histology > Connective Tissue and Cartilage > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Cartilage Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is mesenchymal?

A
  • Embryonic CT
  • Few fibers, star shaped cells, pluripotent
  • Derived from Mesoderm (minus head/neck)
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2
Q

What are the proteins which compose the extra cellular matrix?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Fibrillin
  • Laminin
  • Fibronectin
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3
Q

What are the main components of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Ground substance
  • Fibers (Collagen Reticular, Elastic)
  • CT cells (fibroblasts, Adipose)
  • Wandering Cells (Mo, Plasma, Mast, WBC)
  • Lymphatics and nerves
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4
Q

How is glycine related to structure of collagen?

A

Glycine is found every 3rd position of the polypeptide chain of the helix

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5
Q

Describe the components and appearance of Type I Collagen.

A
  • Large fibers formed from Type I
  • Easily seen, acidophilic bundles
  • Forms tendons and ligaments
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6
Q

Describe components and H&E appearance of reticular fibers?

A
  • Delicate thin fibers made of Type III collagen cross-linked to form a mesh
  • Visible with only special silver stains
  • Basement membrane and highly specialized lymph tissue
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7
Q

Describe components and H&E appearance of Elastic fibers?

A
  • Thin branching fibers made of elastin with micro-fibrillar proteins
  • Not visible unless in large amounts; special stains usually needed
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8
Q

What are the types of Collagen, and what are they associated with?

A

Type I: Flexible and strong —> Ben, fibrocartilage, teeth stuff

Type II: Resist pressure; Hyaline/elastic cartilage

Type III: Reticular fibers; All CT, Blood vessels, nerves, Smooth muscle, stroma

Type IV: Organized into meshwork to provide support and attachment to underlying CT; Basal lamina

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9
Q

What is Fibrillin?

A

Large glycoproteins

Secreted by EC fibroblasts in areas such as fibres of lens, periosteum, arterial Wall.

Mutation in Fibrillin gene —> Morgan’s Syndrome

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10
Q

Describe Marian syndrome

A
  • Mutation in Fibrillin gene
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Symptoms: Ectopis lentos, Abnormalityes in skeleton, and aortic aneurysm
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of Laminin?

A
  • Cross-shaped glycoproteins
  • Collagen IV, Heparin, heparin sulfate

Function:

  • Cell surface receptor
  • Cell adhesion
  • Cell differentiation
  • Anchoring glycoproteins to basal Lamina
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12
Q

What are GAGs?

A
  • Linear polysaccharides
  • Cmposed Of Uronic acid and a hexosamine
  • Linear chains are bound to protein core
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13
Q

What is Wharton’s Jelly?

A

Gelatinous loose CT found in umbilical cord

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14
Q

What are the different Macrophage types in specialized tissue

A

Lungs - Dust Cells

Liver - Kupfer cells

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15
Q

What are the histological features of plasma cells?

A
  • Basophilic Cytoplsm/RER

- Eccentric Nuclei w/ heterochromatic “clock-face” nucleus

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16
Q

What are histological features of Mast cells?

A
  • Large amoeboid motile cells

- metachromatic secretory granules which obscure the nucleus

17
Q

What is Ehlers-Danilo’s Syndrome?

A
  • Deficiency of collagen-processing enzymes
  • Hypermobility of joints
  • Stretchy skin
  • Fragile skin
  • Vascular defects
18
Q

What is Osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Brittle bone disease

  • Grafile bones which break easily
  • Mutation in Type I Collagen
19
Q

What is chondrodysplasia?

A

Abnormal cartilage from mutation in type II Collagen

20
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

Ascorbate deficiency leading to Gum/skin bleeding, reduced would healing, unstable triple helix, and increased turnover of cells

21
Q

What is the role of chondrocytes?

A

Produce Matrix

22
Q

What are the three types of Cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
23
Q

Where do the three types of cartilage occur?

A

Hyaline: Epiphysial growth plate, Ribs, Respiratory tract, Articular cartilage

Elastic Cartilage: Pinna, epiglottis, et=sterna auditory meatus, corniculate, cuneiform Cartilage

Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral discs

24
Q

What features identify hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Perichondrium present
  • Ground substance highly Basophilic and homogenous
  • Chondrocytes in lacunae and in groups
25
Q

What features identify elastic cartilage?

A
  • Perichondrium present
  • Numerous Elastic fibers
  • SINGLE chondrocytes in lacuna
26
Q

What identifies Fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Perichondrium absent
  2. Bundles of collagen fibers
  3. Few chondrocytes seen
27
Q

Differentiate appositional vs interstitial growth in cartilage.

A

Appositional:

  • Differentiate from cells in Perichondrium
  • Adds matrix to outside of cartilage
  • Chondroblsts secrete matrix against existing cartilage eventually becoming trapped into the matrix

Interstitial:

  • Chondrocytes in lacunae undergo mitosis
  • New chondrocytes secrete matrix and separate from each other becoming trapped in own lacunae
  • Adds matrix from indies tissue
  • isogenous groups
28
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • Abnormailty of endochondral longitudinal growth resulting in diminished length of tubular bone.
  • Membranous bone unaffected
  • Extermity involvement is Rhizomelic (proximal) with arms and thighs being severely involved than forearms
  • Dorsal kyphosis
  • Lumbar lordosis
29
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Non-inflammatory degenerative condition of joints characterized by degeneration of Articular cartilage and formation of new bone (osteophytes).

Medical Histology (12 decks)

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