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HIstology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what provides the supportive and connective famework (or stroma( for all tissues of the body

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

What is connective tissue formed by?

A

cells and ECM

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3
Q

Is connective tissue vascular or avascular?

A

Connective tissue is directly supplied by blood and lymphatic vesselsI

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4
Q

What is ECM made out of ?

A

mixture of collagens, noncollagenous glycoproteins, and proteoglycans surrounding connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the role of connective tissue in the body?

A

Mechanical role: supporting and tissue repair Defensive role: inflammation (first reaction of defense) and immune responses Metaboliclly: Energy storage (adipose tissue) Template for bone formation: cartilage

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6
Q

What produces CT and ECM?

A

fibroblast

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7
Q

What is chondroblast?

A

a type of fibroblast that produces cartiledge

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8
Q

What are the three major groups of connective Tissue?

A

Embryonic Adult Special

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9
Q

Describe Embryonic CT

A

hydrophilic mainly ECM Whartons Jelly

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10
Q

Describe Adult CT

A

Loose Dense (regular and irregular) *structural diversity: the proportion of cells to fibers and ECM varies from tissue to tissue) therefore LooseCT and Dense CT

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11
Q

Describe Special Connective Tissue

A

Adipose Tissue Bone Tissue Cartiledge Hematopoeitic Tissue (bone marrow, reticular)

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12
Q

What are the major components of CT?

A

Fibers:Collagen, Elastic, Reticular Fibers Cells: resident (fibroblast), immagrant cells ECM ground substance):collagen, non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans(trap water)

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13
Q

Fibroblast make

A

connective tissue fibers and ECM

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14
Q

Reticular CT

A

provide delicate meshwork to allow passage of cells and fluid

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15
Q

Elastic CT

A

provides elasticity (ligaments of vertebral column and wall of aorta)

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16
Q

How is CT classified?

A
  1. proportion of cells, fibers, and ECM : dense or loose 2. Organization of fibers: regular or irregular
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17
Q

Embryonic CT

A

loose connective tissue covered by amnion the major component is hydrophilic ECM has alot of proteoglycans

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18
Q

What type of consistency does embryonic CT have?

A

jelly like…Whartons Jelly (mucoid CT)

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19
Q

Where is embryonic Connective Tissue Found?

A

Umbilical Cord Pulp of developing tooth

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20
Q

Loose CT

A

Has MORE CELLS than collagen fibers

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21
Q

What type of cells do fibroblast have ?

A

oval nucleur shape

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22
Q

Where is loose CT found?

A

mucosa and submucosa and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and muscles

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23
Q

Dense connective Tissues

A

MORE COLLAGEN FIBERS than cells dense regular Ct ( tendons, ligaments, cornea) dense irregular CT( reticular fibers and elastic fibers)

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24
Q

Metachromasia

A

change in color of staining shift in color of a dye from blue to purple DENSE CONNECTIVE

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25
Q

Types of Fibers and cells in Loose Connective Tissue

A

Fibers: abundant elastic fibers and collagen bundles embedded in ECM Cells: fibroblast-active cell (fibrocyte-not so active cell), mast cells, machrophages and blood capillaries

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26
Q

Where is Dense irregular CT found?

A

dermis (stratified squamous epithelium) submucosa of digestive tube more COLLAGEN FIBERS than cells

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27
Q

What are the cells present in Dense irregular CT?

A

Sparse fibroblast (separated by collagen bundles), mast cells, and marcphages

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28
Q

how to tell if dense irregular CT is making collagen?

A

if the nucleus is big cell is making collagen from the fibroblast when the nuclus is smaller then usual the cell is not making collagen (fibrocytes)

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29
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

regularly arranged collagen bundles compressed oval nucleus of the fibrocyte

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30
Q

What are the four major cell components of CT?

A

fibroblast (resident cells) macrophages mast cell plasma cell

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31
Q

What type of tissue is arygophilic

A

Reticular Tissue (can be identified ins torma of lymphatic nodule after being saturated with silver salts)

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32
Q

What type of tissue is RETICULAR CT?

A

adult dense irregular CT which reticular fibers predominate thing and branching strucutures

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33
Q

What is reticular tissue characteristic of?

A

lymphatic tissues

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34
Q

Reticular fibers are synthesized by?

A

fibroblast (reticular cells)

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35
Q

Reticular fibers form meshwork in which

A

lymphoid cells are embbeddded

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36
Q

Argrophilia

A

affinity for silver

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37
Q

Reticular tissue is what type of collagen?

A

type III

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38
Q

Reticular tissue is seen in….

A

lymphatic tissue and in bone marrow

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39
Q

Elastic Fibers are produced by

A

fibroblast and smooth muscle fibers

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40
Q

What type of CT is elastic?

A

adult dense irregular CT elastic fibers predominate and there is NO COLLAGEN!

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41
Q

Elastic tissue is characteristic of?

A

large blood vessels and ligaments

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42
Q

DEscribe the elastic fibers found in the wall of a blood vessel?

A

They are synthesized by smooth muscle cells and form discontinuous and concentric arrangements

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43
Q

What appear as wavy bands?

A

elastic tissue

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44
Q

Fibroblast synthesize and secrete

A

(ECM+COLLAGEN) BASIC SPECIFIC proteoglycans glycoproteins collagens (5 types) elastin fibronectin (glycoprotein) heparan sulfate proteoglycan

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45
Q

What do fibroblast synthesize that are part of the basement membrane?

A

fibronectin heparan sulfate

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46
Q

Collagen is a compondent of

A

collagen and the reticular fibers

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47
Q

What type of collagen is seen in the basal lamina?

A

type IV

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48
Q

What are the types of fibroblast?

A

reticular cells osteoblast (bone) chondroblast (cartilage) odontoblast (teeth)

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49
Q

Are reticular fibers PAS Positive?

A

reticular fibers and collagens in general are glycoproteins and therefore pas positive

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50
Q

Type I collagen

A

Fibrocartilage fibrillar Tendon, bone,dentin and dermis

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51
Q

Type II collagen

A

fibrillar ( thinner than type 1) Cartilage: hyaline and elastic

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52
Q

Type III

A

fibrillar lymphoid tissue Reticular collagen-> precollagen reticular lamina wound healing (replaced by type I) argyrophillic

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53
Q

Type IV

A

layers basal lamina binds to laminin does not form bundles

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54
Q

Type V

A

fibrillar amnion and chorion (in fetus) muscle and tendon sheaths doesnt form banded fibrils

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55
Q

Name the fibrillar collagen(s)?

A

Types: I, II, III, V

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56
Q

Name the non-fibrillar collagen(s)?

A

Type IV

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57
Q

Synthesis of Collagen Steps

A

In the RER 1. synthesis of precollagen and procollagen (triple helical arrangement of procollagen) 2. hydroxylation of lysine and proline by lysyl hydroxylase occurs in procollagen (requires vitamin c_scurvy) 3. glycosylation and disulfide bond formation Golgi apparatus 5packing and secretion of hydroxylated pro collagen Outside the cell 6.procollagen peptidase removes non helical end of procollagen and it becomes tropocollagen 7. Self-aggregation of tropocollagen molecule leads to formation of collagen fibrils (staggered array) 8. cross linking of collagen fibrils to form collagen fibers (FACIT COLLAGEN) 9. collagen bundle formation by proteoglycans and other glycoproteins

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58
Q

FACIT

A

fibril associated collagens with interrupted helices

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59
Q

lysl oxidase

A

cross links tropocollagen molecules stabilize staggered arangment of collagen fibrils to form fibers

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60
Q

Ethers Danlos Syndrome

A

hyperelasticty of skin and hypermobility of joints (dislocation) -defects in synthesis of procollagen collagen -type 1 collagen defect -mutations in procollagen peptidase or lysyl hydroxylase -cant form collagen fibers -defects in blood vessels and internal organs

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61
Q

procollagen peptidase

A

forms tropocollagen

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62
Q

lysyl hydroxylase

A

hydroxylation of lysine and proline needs vitamin c

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63
Q

Elastic Fibers is made in

A

RER and Golgi apparatus

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64
Q

Assembly of Elastin Fibers

A

RER 1. synthesis of 3 components of elastic fibers (fibulin 1, fibrillins 1 &2, tropoelastin) becomes proelastin Golgi proelastin is packaged and secreted into the extracellular space where it turns into tropoelastin ( with desmosine attached) Extracellular Space Assembly of fibulin 1, fibrillins and tropoelastin to produce elastic fibers

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65
Q

Elastic Fibers are made by

A

fibroblast and smooth muscle cells

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66
Q

Fibrillin 1

A

forcing bearing structural support

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67
Q

fibrillin 2

A

regulates the assembly of the elastic fiber

68
Q

fibulin 1

A

required for co-assembly of fibrillins and elastin subunits

69
Q

what type of fibroblast produce elastic fibers?

A

embryonic and juvenile fibroblast

70
Q

Many tissues become ____elastic with age?

A

less elastic wrinkles

71
Q

Marfans Syndrome

A

Issue with fibrillin 1 (chromosome 15) Increase in proteoglycans (they replace elastic lamallae) dilation of aorta mitral valve prolapse aortic dissection

72
Q

Describe the periosteum in Marfans syndrome

A

abnormally elastic and does not provide oppositional force during development

73
Q

Functions of Macrophage

A
  1. turn over senescent (old) fibers and ECM material 2. present antigens to lymphocytes as part of inflammatory and immunologic responses ** ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS 3. Produces cytokines
74
Q

where do macrophages derive from?

A

monocytes (cells formed in bone marrow)

75
Q

what is a kupffer cell?

A

macrophage of the liver capture particles in liver blood cirulation

76
Q

what is a osteoclast

A

macrophage of the bone dissolve bone during remodeling or when calcium in blood decreases

77
Q

what is a microglial cell

A

macrophage of CNS removal of debris when there is destruction of cells in CNS

78
Q

Where do monocytes ciruclate?

A

in the blood and migrate into the CT where they differentiate into macrophages

79
Q

Macrophages have MHC

A

major histo compatibility complex 1. contain abundant lysosomes for breakdown of phagocytic materials have numerous phagocytic vesicles (phagosomes) for storage of ingest materials 3. nucleus has irregular outline

80
Q

Macrophages as antigen presenting cells

A

put desktop picture on it

81
Q

Mast Cells

A

source of vasoactive mediator (contained in cytoplasmic granules) metachromasia

82
Q

What do the cytoplasmic granules of mast cells contain?

A

histamine heparin chemotatic mediators

83
Q

What are vasoactive products of mast cells?

A

leukotrines

84
Q

leukotrines

A

-are NOT present in granules -are leased from the cell membranes of mast cells -full of granules that form once the cell reaches the connective tissue

85
Q

Name the types of Mast Cells

A

Mucosal MC Connective Tissue MC

86
Q

Mucosal MC

A

predominantly in the intestines and lungs

87
Q

Connective Tissue MC

A

granules more abundant in CT mast cells

88
Q

what is a vasoactive mediator

A

mediates constriction and dilation of blood vessels

89
Q

Origin of Mast Cells

A

bone marrow progenitor/precursor (lack cytoplasmic granules) when they migrate into the CT/lamina propria they proliferate and accumulate cytoplasmic granules

90
Q

The migration of mast cells from bone marrow to tissue is regulated by

A

c-kit receptor (tyrosine kinase) and its ligand *(stem cell factor)

91
Q

Clinical Significance of Mast Cells (antigen)

A
  1. Antigen(allergen) binds to two adjacent IgE receptors and mast cell becomes IgE-sensitized 2. IgE-sensitized mast cell releases intracellular calcium 3. contents of cytoplasmic granules is rapidly discharged by degranulation 4. the degranulation will release histamine protease, and proteoglycans 5. synthesize inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid (not present in granules ): cychoxygenase pathway-prostagladin d2 lipoxygenase-leukotrine c4
92
Q

what occurs with excessive mast cell degranulation

A

allergic hypersensitivity reaction leads to shock (rapid drop inb lood, asthma hay fever eczema

93
Q

Mast cell releases

A

-granule mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase) -lipid mediators ( leukotrine) -cytokines (signaling molecules produced by specific cells of immune system)

94
Q

Explain Asthma

A

release of histamine causes dyspnea (difficulty breathing) do to contraction of smooth muscle surrounding bronchioles and hyper-secretion of goblet cells and mucosal glands of bronchi

95
Q

explain hay fever

A

histamine increases vascular permeability leading to edema (accumulation of fluid) -leukotrines induce increased vascular permeability associated with urticaria (swelling in dermis of skin) (vascular permeability is the permeability of blood vessels)

96
Q

Plasma cells produce

A

all immunoglobins (single type per each plasma cell)

97
Q

Plasma cells

A

well developed RER well developed golgi apparatus (gives light staining over nucleus & packages proteins) cartwheel nucleus (because of heterochromatin)

98
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

99
Q

Is the cytoplasm of plasma cells acidophilic or basophilic?

A

basophillic

100
Q

The area around the nucleus of plasma cell becomes

A

slightly acidophilic

101
Q

Cartwheel nucleus

A

plasma cell

102
Q

How plasma cells are created

A

put desktop pic #2 1. antigen is taken up by a macrophage 2. the antigetn is stored in phagocytic vesicle which then fuses with a lysosome to become a phagosome 3. the phagosome has an acidic pH therefore it breaks up the antigen into small peptides 4. the small peptides attach to the MHC which is then exposed to TCELLS 5. the TCELLS then secrete cytokines or interleukins that bind to nearby B cells which are then induced into mitosis 6. the increased number of B cells now undergo differention into Ig secreting plasma cells

103
Q

Adipose Cells

A

have MORE CELLS then collagen fibers and ground substance -most significant energy storage site in the bodyq

104
Q

Cartilage and Bone

A

Both are dense CT with specialized cells

105
Q

what type of ECM does cartilage have? Calcified or non calcified?

A

has non calcified ECM

106
Q

what type of ECM does bone have? Calcified or non calcified?

A

calcified

107
Q

What are the types of adipose cells?

A

Brown White

108
Q

Brown adipose Cells

A

Multiocular store MANY lipid droplets and mitocondria thermogenic -dissipates energy instead of storing energy -heat generated by uncoupling production of ATP (UCP-1) -surrounded by alot of blood vessels

109
Q

White adipose cells

A

Unicocular store SINGLE lipid inclusion provides a cushion and storage of energy (major reserve of long term energy)

110
Q

Fat cells derive from

A

preadipocyte cells which derive from mesenchymal cell precursor

111
Q

What is the effect of insulin on fat

A

insuling binding to insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) causes preadipocytes to synthesize lipoprotein lipase (blood to fat cell transfer) this leads to primary fat cell formation in fetus

112
Q

Obesity

A

disorder of energy balence accumulation of fat in liver insulin resistence dyslipidemia (alterations in blood fat levels) cardiovascular disease

113
Q

Leptin

A

secreted by adipocytes regulates body weight

114
Q

what occurs if one is leptin deficient

A

infertile and obese

115
Q

leptin receptors share the same sequence as

A

cytokines receptors therefore it influences responses to infection and inflammatory responses

116
Q

White fat nucleus

A

pushed to eccentric side position

117
Q

_______fat lipids are in direct contact with cytosol

A

white

118
Q

________fats do not contain a cytomembrane

A

white

119
Q

Which has a more extensive blood supply? white or brown fat?

A

brown

120
Q

What are the two requirements for thermogenisis?

A
  1. mitochondrial biogenesis (production of new mitocondria) 2. uncoupling protein-1
121
Q

Fat stains

A

xylene-dissolves fat/ only nucleus and plasma membrane left osimium tetroxide-stains fat brown (lipid rich myelin in nerves) SudanIII-alchoholic solution used for detection of fat in frozen sections

122
Q

Where do chondroblast derive from?

A

mesenchymal cells

123
Q

What are the three major types of cartilage?

A

hyaline elastic fibrocartilage

124
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular nutrients are received by diffusion

125
Q

Cartilage is made by?

A

chrondoblast/chrondcytes

126
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by______

A

Perichondrium

127
Q

Perichondrium

A

layer of undifferentiated cells that differentiate into chondroblast

128
Q

chrondrocytes rarely

A

divide

129
Q

Interstitial growth versus appositional growth

A

Interstitial growth-chondrocytes within the cartilage appositional growth-undifferentiated cells at the surface of the cartilage or perichondrium

130
Q

Interstitial growth

A

mesenchymal cells turn into chondroblast 2. which form centers of chondrogenisis ( chondroblast surrounded by ECM) 3. the chondroblast divide by mitosis produce type II collagen, hyaluronic A, GAGS and form isogenous cell groups (daughter cells aka chondrocytes remaining in the same space lacunae) 4. isogenous cell group is surrounded by territorial matrix 5. wider interterritorial matrix surrounds the territorial matrix ACTIVE DURING ENDOCHONDRIAL OSSIFICATION

131
Q

What do chondroblast deposit during mitosis?

A

type II collagen fibers hyaluronic acid GAGS

132
Q

Appositional Growth

A
  1. outermost cells of perichondrium (transitional zone between cartilage and surrounding CT) fibrous layer 2. inner cells of perichondrium (chondrogenic layer) differentiate into chondroblast and release type II collagen 3. new layer of carilage added and increases size of intial (anlagen/outline) 4. collagen grows
133
Q

Chondroblast are a type of

A

fibroblast

134
Q

Compomelic dysplasia

A

-mutation of sox 9 TF -encodes expression of type II collagen and proteoglycan ggrecan -with mutation null cells remain in perichondrium do not diff into chondrocytes

135
Q

When chondroblast are trpped within spaces in the matrix called lacunae the cells are called

A

chondrocytes

136
Q

What type of collagen does hyaline have?

A

type II

137
Q

what type of collagen does elastic cartilage have?

A

type II

138
Q

what type of collagen does fibrocartilage have?

A

type I

139
Q

What type of cartilage has type II collagen?

A

hyaline and elastic

140
Q

What are the special functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

shock absorber lubricated surface for joints

141
Q

What type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

142
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

articular cartilage (area of body not lined by epithelium) temporary skeleton of fetus HIGH WATER CONTENT

143
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear epiglottis auditory tube EVERY FLEXIBLE ECM CONTAINS ABUNDANT ELASTIC FIBERS

144
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis articular disk of the knee ECM HAS LOW CONCENTRATION OF PROTEOGLYCANS AND WATER

145
Q

how to distinguish between fibrocartilage and dense connective tissue?

A

pictures

146
Q

Fibrocartilage is consisdered an intermediate between

A

hyaline cartilage and dense regular connectivetissue

147
Q
A
148
Q

What type of adipose tissue is this?

What is the top line ?

What is the bottom line?

A

brown adipose tissue

blood vessels

mutliocular adipocyte

149
Q

What type of adipocyte is this?

What is the top line

what is the bottom line

A

White

eccentric nucleusuniolcular adipocyte

150
Q

What type of CT is this?

Line 1 (top)

LIne 2

A

embroyonic (whartons jelly)

nuclus of mesenchymal cell embedded in ECM

amnion

151
Q

What type of CT is this?

Line 1

Line 2

Line 3

A

adult connective

Loose (areolar)

Line 1-oval nuclus of fibroblast

elastic fibers (thin straight and branching

collagen bundles (thick and wavy)

152
Q

What type of CT is this?

Line 1

LIne 2

LIne 3

A

adult CT

dense irregular

oval nuclus of fibroblast

collagen bundles (thick wavy and irregularly arranged)

153
Q

What type of CT is this?

Line 1

LIne 2

LIne 3

A

Adult CT

dense regular

1-skeletal muscle

  1. regulary arranged collaen bundles

oval nucleus of birobcyte compressed by the regulary aligned collagen bundles

154
Q

What type of CT is this?

A

Reticular tissue

155
Q

what type of Ct is this?

line 1

bottom line

A

elastic tissue

elastic fibers

smoth muscle cells

156
Q

What are these special types of CT?

A

adipose

cartilage

bone

hematopoeietic

(left to right)

157
Q

Identify left to right

A

macrophages

fibroblast

collagen

158
Q

What is this?

A

mast cell

159
Q

What are these?

A

plasma cells

160
Q

what type of carilage is this?

what is top line pointing to

A

hyaline

chondrocyte

161
Q

hyaline cartilage identify top to bottom

line 1

line 2

line 3

line 4

line 5

cline 6

line 7

A

isogenous groups

nucleus

territorial matrix

lacunar rim

type Ii collagen

RER

interterriortiral matrix

162
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

what is line 1

line 2

line 3

A

elastic

perichondrium

chondrocytes

elastic fibers

163
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage

164
Q
A
165
Q

All cartilage is

A

avscular

166
Q
A

HIstology (17 decks)

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