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PT 506 Kinesio / Biomechanics > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

concave moving on convex then the roll and glide are in blank direction

A

the same

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1
Q

we always blank in the direciton of the intended motion

A

roll

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2
Q

convex moving on concave then roll and glide are in blank direction

A

opposite

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3
Q

cartilage that wears away with osteoarthritis

A

hyaline

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4
Q

this cartilage is in tmj and has a healing property

A

fibrocartilage

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5
Q

tendons and ligaments are made by blank

A

dense regular ct

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6
Q

these resist shear forces

A

bursa

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7
Q

shear means blank

A

friction

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8
Q

ground substance of ct

A

interfibrillar

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9
Q

fibrous components of ct

A

fibrillar

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10
Q

basic cell of most ct

A

fibroblast

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11
Q

fibroblasts may become blank

A

chondroblast, osteoblast, tenoblast

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12
Q

cells may blank depending on environment and stimulus

A

de-differentiation

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13
Q

two hydrated proteins in interfibrillar extracellular matrix

A

proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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14
Q

proportion of pgs in extracellular matrix effects blank

A

hydration

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15
Q

gags are blank charged such that a concentration of negatively charged pgs creates a swelling pressure = water flows into the extraceullar matrix

A

negatively

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16
Q

blank fibers resist and contain swelling by resisting compressive forces

A

collagen

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17
Q

tissues subjected to high compression forces have a blank pg content and those that resist tensile loads have a blank content

A

high, low

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18
Q

pgs look like chemistry blank

A

bottle brushes

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19
Q

gags look like blank

A

bristles of bottle brush

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20
Q

2 major fibrillar components

A

collagen, elastin

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21
Q

most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

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22
Q

type of cartilage predominantly in tendons, menisci, and jiont capsules

A

type 1

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23
Q

type of cartilage predominatly in hyaline articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus of disk

A

type 2

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24
Q

yellow fibrous tissue that has properties allowing the fibers to deform under force and return to original state

A

elastin

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25
Q

elastin is blank in proportion to collagen in ct

A

smaller

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26
Q

dense connective tissue in tendon and ligament

A

parallel

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27
Q

humans and blank models have similar tendons and ligaments

A

mammallian

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28
Q

these synthesize and secrete procollagen which is cleaved extracellularly to produce type 1 collagen

A

fibroblasts

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29
Q

each polypeptide chain is coiled in a blank helix in tendons and ligaments

A

left handed

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30
Q

these are formed by gags between collagen molecules providing strength to fibrils

A

cross links

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31
Q

cross links can be destroyed by blank

A

sprains, strains, tears

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32
Q

there is more elastin in a blank than blank

A

ligament, tendon

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33
Q

elastin makes up about blank percent of fibers in a ligament

A

1

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34
Q

tissues increase their structural or functional capability in response to overloading

A

overload

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35
Q

specific stimulus for adaptation elicits specific structural and functional changes in specific elements of tissues

A

specificity

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36
Q

discontinuing training stimulus will result in de-training and the adaptive changes regress

A

reversibility

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37
Q

what is said

A

specific adaptations to induce demand

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38
Q

property of a material or structure to return to its original form following removal of deforming load

A

elasticity

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39
Q

property of a material to deform permanently when its loaded beyond its plastic range

A

plasticity

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40
Q

property of a material to resist loads that produce shear, controls fluid rate of flow

A

fluid property (viscosity)

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41
Q

a slower deformation / rate of flow is caused by a blank viscosity

A

high

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42
Q

elastic materials return to normal form/shape following removal of a deforming load

A

solid property

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43
Q

energy is blank during loading and blank completely during unloading

A

stored, released

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44
Q

a combination of viscosity and elasticity that is sensitive to rate of loading or deformation

A

visco-elastic

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45
Q

load is suddenly applied then held constant over time

A

CREEP

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46
Q

during creep, continued blank occurs over time even though load is held constant

A

deformation

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47
Q

deformation is held constant and force required to maintain deformation decreases over time

A

stress relaxation

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48
Q

loading that causes a shift of the curve to the right because the shift blank in magnitude with each repetition

A

decreases

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49
Q

increased blank helps with elongation of tissue

A

heat

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50
Q

area under curve… the energy of deformation - energy loss in form of heat

A

hysteresis

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51
Q

increased stiffness with increased strain rate (speed), stress relaxation and creep deformation as per other tissues

A

viscoelastic behavior

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52
Q

tendon loading differs from other connective tissue because it attaches to blank

A

skeletal muscles

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53
Q

the weak point where most muscle strains occur is at the blank

A

myotendinous junction

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54
Q

though muscle forces may be very high, tendon tensile strength tends to be blank that of its muscle

A

twice

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55
Q

blank ruptures are more common than blank ruptures

A

muscle, tendon

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56
Q

outer part of tendon

A

paratenon

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57
Q

synovial tissue only in high friction locations of tendons

A

epitenon

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58
Q

continuous with perimysium and periosteum

A

endotenon

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59
Q

if muscle tissue is stiff then… and more between age 35 and 55… rapid eccentric loading can cause

A

rupture

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60
Q

cellular reaction of injury

A

inflammation

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61
Q

collagen synthesis of injury

A

proliferation

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62
Q

remodeling after injury

A

maturation

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63
Q

immobilization weakens blank complex after just 8 weeks in ACL

A

bone-lig-bone

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64
Q

ultimate load is increased with blank mobilization

A

immediate

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65
Q

early mobilization in tendon reduces blank

A

adhesions

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66
Q

this closure can cause failure at epiphysis

A

pre epiphyseal

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67
Q

this type of closure can cause failure at myotendinous junction

A

post epiphyseal

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68
Q

four stimuli for stretching connective tissues

A

optimal intensity, duration, temperature, timing, frequency

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69
Q

takes about blank minutes to stretch dense connective tissue

A

5

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70
Q

shaking hand when hitting with a hammer causes mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors to fire which inhibit blank

A

nociceptors

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71
Q

blank is the most important factor for stretching parameters

A

intensity (max painfree)

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72
Q

stretching should be done after blank

A

warming up

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73
Q

cool down after stretching should be in blank position

A

lengthened

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74
Q

continuum of loading slide is important

A

okay

75
Q

if strength or endurance training is painful then blank should be used

A

tendon training (aarom)

76
Q

an avascular, aneural, tissue

A

hyaline cartilage

77
Q

hyaline cartilage has a low blank

A

metabolic rate

78
Q

four zones of cartilage

A

superficial tangential, middle, deep, calcified cartilage

79
Q

tide mark is the spot between blank and blank cartilage

A

uncalcified, calcified

80
Q

make and secrete matrix, inhibiting cell-cell contact

A

chondrocytes

81
Q

matrix transmits blank signals to cell membranes

A

mechanical

82
Q

chondrocytes may act as electromechanical blank in that the mechanical stress elicits a response to synthetic activity

A

transducers

83
Q

most important articular cartilage material property as it relates to mechanical behavior

A

fluid component

84
Q

articular cartilage is a blank tissue

A

hydraulic

85
Q

water content blank and pg content blank as we go deeper in articular cartilage tissue

A

decreases, increases

86
Q

part of ac that is porous, permeable matrix primarily of type 2 collagen and pg

A

solid component

87
Q

articular cartilage has an extremely low blank

A

permeability coefficient

88
Q

heterogenous connective tissue has solid and semi solid materials mixed together in blank tissue

A

anisotropic

89
Q

rate of creep is an indicator of tissue blank

A

permeability

90
Q

small pores result in blank permeability and high blank to flow

A

low, friction

91
Q

this further reduces pore size

A

compression

92
Q

first step out of bed in the morning, there is rapid blank of fluid from articular surface

A

exudation

93
Q

compressive load is resisted by creep of blank, but when creep cannot resist compression anymore… there may be blank

A

articular cartilage, arthritis

94
Q

articular cartilage response to stress relaxation… stress is blank until a given blank is reached and then strain is maintined

A

increased, deformation

95
Q

two types of articular cartilage lubrication systems

A

boundary, fluid

96
Q

ac lube system where each load bearing surface is coated with lubricin so two surfaces do not touch each other

A

boundary

97
Q

ac lubrication system where a film of fluid interposed between two joint surfaces

A

fluid

98
Q

lubricin prevents blank contact

A

bone-bone

99
Q

boundary lubrication is most important at blank loads and blank speeds and blank duration

A

low, low, long

100
Q

four types of ac lubrication fluids

A

hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, squeeze film, elastohydrodynamic

101
Q

fluid lubrication that is film of lube that is maintained under pressure of cartilage with pressure and returns with unloading and is most effective under high loads

A

hydrostatic

102
Q

fluid lubrication that is a wedge of fluid created when non opposing surfaces slide on one another - lifting pressure occurs in wedge of fluid and increased viscosity keeps surfaces apart

A

hydrodynamic

103
Q

ac lube system where pressure created in fluid film by surfaces moving that are perpendicular to one another…

A

squeeze film

104
Q

viscosity blank if pressure increases

A

increases

105
Q

squeeze film lube system is most beneficial for blank loads for a blank duration

A

high, short

106
Q

ac lube system where fluid film is maintained at uniform thickness by elastic deformation of articular surfaces

A

elastohydrodynamic

107
Q

three aberrant lube systems

A

adhesive, abrasive, fatigue

108
Q

aberrant lube system that is osteochondritis dessicans which is complete or incomplete separation of a portion of cartilage and bone

A

adhesive wear

109
Q

aberrant lube system that is joint mouse irritation

A

abrasive wear

110
Q

aberrant lube system with a PG washout, aging, DJD

A

fatigue wear

111
Q

squeeze film predominates this part of gait

A

heel contact

112
Q

during gait, combo of boundary and fluid film

A

stance phase

113
Q

during gait, hydrodynamic predominates this part

A

swing

114
Q

caused by prolonged immobilization, some ant inflammatory drugs, trauma, infection, and aging

A

loss of pg matrix

115
Q

loss of pg matrix may be blank depending on degree and duration

A

reversible

116
Q

more PGs help with resisting blank

A

compression

117
Q

early stages of fraying of collagen bundles in superficial layer causes development of blank

A

osteoarthritis

118
Q

once fraying has begun in osteoarthritis it progresses blank

A

quickly

119
Q

degeneration appears to begin in layers blank and blank in chondromalacia

A

3,4

120
Q

early visualization of chondromalacia is blank

A

difficult

121
Q

these can be used to increase density of cartilage

A

allograft

122
Q

cartilage grows blank and blank in areas of blank compared to blank

A

faster, thicker, wb, nwb

123
Q

blank loading is detrimental while blank loading may help healing

A

constant, intermittent

124
Q

when facilitating articular cartilage growth intensity should be guided by blank and blank but blank may be excessive

A

pain, edema/effusion, full body weight

125
Q

duration/frequency of building ac is blank

A

100s-1000s of reps

126
Q

mode to facilitate ac growth is to attempt to mimic blank loading characteristics

A

function

127
Q

bone harbors blank tissue for prodcution of blood cells

A

hemopoietic

128
Q

bone is highly blank

A

vascular/innervated

129
Q

bone is a blank ct

A

dynamic

130
Q

bone is a good mechanical lever because it is mostly blank matter

A

inorganic

131
Q

extracellular organic matter that resists stretching and has little extensibility

A

type 1 collagen

132
Q

type 1 collagen accounts for blank percent of ecm and blank of dry weight

A

90, 25-30 percent

133
Q

extracellular organic matter that is the cementing substance between osteons in haversian system

A

gags

134
Q

glycoproteins containing glutamic acid causes gags to bind avidly to blank

A

calcium

135
Q

two parts of inorganic matter of bone

A

calcium, phosphorus

136
Q

decalcified bone retains shape but is as blank as blank

A

flexible, tendon

137
Q

removing organic matter of bone makes it blank

A

brittle

138
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocyte

139
Q

young bone cells

A

osteoblasts

140
Q

phagocytic bone cells

A

osteoclasts

141
Q

wolff’s law says that if effective applied load decreases, blank also decreases

A

bone deposition

142
Q

following 8 weeks of immobilization you may see a blank fold decrease in load to failure

A

3

143
Q

these can slow the healing process after fracture because it does the work for the bone

A

plates/screws

144
Q

blank bone is stiffer than blank bone

A

cortical, cancellous

145
Q

cortical bone can withstand greater blank but less blank than cancellous bone

A

stress, strain

146
Q

cancellous bones can sustain strains of blank

A

75%

147
Q

cortical bone can sustain strains of blank

A

2%

148
Q

constant compression may hinder blank

A

growth

149
Q

unequal loading produces blank deformities

A

valgus, varus

150
Q

piezo electric effect causes blank charge on side of bone being compressed

A

negative

151
Q

piezo electric effect causes a blank charge on the tension side of bone

A

positive

152
Q

osteoblasts tend to migrate toward blank electrode

A

negative

153
Q

osteoclasts tend to migrate toward blank electrode

A

positive

154
Q

the blank resists bowing of femur

A

it band

155
Q

trochanters are created by blank

A

muscle tension

156
Q

debonding of osteons causes a blank

A

fracture

157
Q

constant compressive loading produces increase in blank diameter and increase in blank porosity

A

endosteal, intracortical

158
Q

intermittent loading produced increased blank

A

bone mass

159
Q

spiral fractures are common with closed chained blank

A

pivots

160
Q

epiphyseal plate is most sensitive to blank forces

A

torsion

161
Q

under blank load, newly formed bone will grow away from epiphysis in a spiral fashion

A

torsional

162
Q

to facilitate bone growth, loading should be within tissue blank

A

structural tolerance

163
Q

type 1 muscle fiber

A

slow twitch oxidative

164
Q

type 2 a muscle fibers

A

fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

165
Q

type 2b muscle fibers

A

fast twitch glycolytic

166
Q

fascia surrounding whole muscle

A

epimysium

167
Q

fascia surrounding fascicles

A

perimysium

168
Q

fascia surrounding individual muscle cells

A

endomysium

169
Q

contractile elements of muscle

A

contractile proteins

170
Q

parallel elastic elements of muscle

A

peri, epi, and endomysium

171
Q

series elastic elements of muscle

A

tendon

172
Q

with an isometric contraction, the contractile element blank and the series elastic element blanks

A

shortens, lengthens

173
Q

blank lengthens during isometric contraction but blank shortens

A

tendon, actin/myosin

174
Q

if the load is too big, the blank elements kick in during eccentric load

A

parallel elastic

175
Q

agonist muscle is too short to produce effective tension and thus no further ROM can be actively achieved

A

active insufficiency

176
Q

antagonist muscle is on stretch and is too short (too far elongated) to allow further passive ROM

A

passive insufficiency

177
Q

passive and active insufficiencies are typically blank or blank articulate muscles

A

bi, multi

178
Q

muscle force varies with blank area of the muscle

A

cross sectional

179
Q

blank arrangement is a key issue in determining total cross sectional area

A

fiber

180
Q

cross sectional area increases years blank

A

0-20s

181
Q

loss of strength is more in blank than blank as we age

A

legs, arms

182
Q

as shortening speed of muscle decreases, blank increases

A

tension

183
Q

isometric exercise speed is blank, therefore, there is greater tension generated compared to blank

A

zero, concentrics

184
Q

for eccentrics, increased speed of lengthening, increased blank

A

tension

PT 506 Kinesio / Biomechanics (14 decks)

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