Comprehensive Final Flashcards
1
Q
The study of structure and form
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Examination of larger structures that’s visible to the eye
A
Gross anatomy
3
Q
Examination of structures that require magnification to be seen
A
Microscopic anatomy
4
Q
Study of function
A
Physiology
5
Q
Smallest unit of matter exhibiting characteristics of an element
A
Atom
6
Q
Ability to maintain consistent internal environment
A
homeostasis
7
Q
Vertical plane that separates anterior from posterior
A
frontal plane
8
Q
Vertical plane down the midline dividing the body into equal left and right parts
A
midsagittal
9
Q
Does not directly run down midline dividing body into unequal left and right parts
A
sagittal
10
Q
Plane is perpendicular to the long axis and separates superior from inferior
A
transverse
11
Q
space that lies between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs
A
Pleural cavity
12
Q
What are the 4 tissue types?
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
13
Q
Effector activation opposes or negates the original stimulus; make it opposite
A
negative feedback
14
Q
Stimulus is reinforced until a climatic event occurs; keeps going
A
positive feedback
15
Q
Number of protons in an ion
A
atomic number
16
Q
Solutes which release a hydrogen ion
A
acid
17
Q
Solutes which bind with hydrogen ions
A
base
18
Q
What are the 6 functions of water?
A
Transport, lubrication, universal solvent, cushion, temperature regulation, surface tension
19
Q
Hands to the sides with palms facing forward and feet together
A
anatomical position
20
Q
positive ion
A
cation
21
Q
negative ion
A
anion
22
Q
What are the 4 types of organic compounds?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
23
Q
Energy source for cell
A
carbohydrates
24
Q
what are some examples of carbohydrates?
A
sugar –ose stuff
25
Cushioning organs, form barriers, regulates temperature energy storage, insulation
lipids
26
what are some examples of lipids?
fats and steroids
27
Catalyze reactions, storage, transport, support, movement
proteins
28
what are some examples of proteins?
enzyme, myosin, actin
29
Genetic information, protein synthesis
nucleic acids
30
what are some examples of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
31
Cell membrane shrinks
crenate
32
Cell membrane blows up
hemolysis
33
Collective term for all biochemical reactions in a living organism
metabolism
34
Breaks molecules into smaller subunits
decomposition
35
Assembles large molecules from smaller subunits
synthesis
36
Releases energy
exergonic
37
requires energy
endergonic
38
diffusion of water
osmosis
39
net movement of particles down their concentration gradient
diffusion
40
reactants for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
41
products for cellular respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O
42
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Intermediate Stage, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
43
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
44
Where does the intermediate stage take place?
mitochondria
45
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
mitochondria
46
solution does not cause water to flow in or out of the cell
isotonic
47
solution resultes in osmotic flow into the cell, causes cell to swell
hypotonic
48
resultes in osmotic flow out of the cell, causes cell to shrivel
hypertonic
49
vesicles within cell fuse with plasma membrane to release contents
exocytosis
50
formation of a vesicle at the cell surface to bring material into the cell
endocytosis
51
doesn't require ATP
passive transport
52
requires ATP
active transport
53
study of tissues
histology
54
Study and treatment of the integumentary system
dermatology
55
What are the 3 skin layers?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
56
what is the epidermis made up of?
stratified squamous epithelium
57
what is the dermis made up of?
dense irregular connective tissue
58
what is the hypodermis made up of?
collagen and elastic fiber
59
fine, unpigmented downy hair on fetus in third trimester
lanugo
60
fine, unpigmented/ lightly pigmented hair on limbs
vellus
61
coarse, pigmented hair on scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, etc.
terminal
62
localized overgrowth of melanocytes
mole
63
localized increase in melanocyte activity
freckle
64
keratinized sweat cells which are tightly compacted
nails
65
protects from UV radiation
melanin
66
melanin cell
melanocyte
67
glands that secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium
exocrine
68
glands that secrete their products into the bloodstream
endocrine
69
oil glands
sebaceous
70
merocrine gland secreting a watery solution for flushing epidermal surface
sweat gland
71
protects abrasion and is water resistant
keratin
72
steroid important for calcium metabolism
vitamin D3
73
where is vitamin D3 formed?
skin
74
bones of girdles and limbs
appendicular
75
Bones of skull, thorax, and vertebral column
axial
76
mature bone cell
osteocyte
77
bone builders
osteoblast
78
break down bone
osteoclast
79
What are examples of short bone?
carpals, tarsals
80
what are examples of irregular bone?
sphenoid, ethmoid, vertebrae
81
forms majority of bones
endochondral ossification
82
forms dermal bones
intramembranous ossificiation
83
functional category where the joint is immoble
synarthrosis
84
functional category where the joint has slight movement
amphiarthrosis
85
functional category where the joint has free movement
diarthrosis
86
what is an example of a ball and socket joint?
hip, shoulder
87
what is an example of a hinge joint?
elbow, knee
88
what is an example of a plane joint?
intercarpal/tarsal
89
what is an example of a condylar joint?
wrist
90
what is an example of a pivot joint?
atlas/axis
91
what is an example of a saddle joint?
thumb
92
what makes up a neuron?
axon, dendrite, soma
93
What makes up the CNS?
brain, spinal cord
94
Information processing, coordinating and distributing commands, memory storage
CNS
95
What makes up the PNS?
nerves, ganglion
96
Collection of axons in the PNS
nerves
97
Collection of cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
98
Relay sensory to CNS, relay motor from CNS
PNS
99
Relay sensory information gained from receptors to CNS
sensory
100
Initiates and transmits commands from CNS to effectors
motor
101
Small cells with all processes looking alike
anaxonic
102
Cell body lays off to the side of along continuous process which fuses the dendrites directly to the axon
unipolar
103
Small cells with 2 distinct processes
bipolar
104
Have multiple processes coming of cell body with one being a distinct axon
multipolar
105
makes blood brain barrier
astrocyte
106
Line fluid filled passageways of the CNS to produce, monitor, circulate cerebral spinal fluid
ependymal
107
Move throughout the CNS to phagocytize cellular debris, waste, and pathogens
microglia
108
Stabilize position of axons in CNS as well as producing myelin
oligodendrocyte
109
Surround cell bodies in the ganglia to regulate environment around them in the PNS
satellite cell
110
Forms myelin sheath around axons in PNS
schwann cell
111
what is the resting membrane potential?
-70mV
112
what are the synapse components?
synaptic cleft, presynaptic, postsynaptic
113
What is the threshold membrane potential?
-55mV
114
Change in transmembrane potential that once initiated spread through the entire membrane
action potential
115
lobe for motor movement
frontal
116
lobe for sensory
parietal
117
lobe for vision
occipital
118
lobe for auditory and smell
temporal
119
lobe for gustation
insula
120
what makes up the diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
121
what makes up the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
122
Change in transmembrane potential making the cell more negative
hyperpolarization
123
Return to resting transmembrane potential
repolarization
124
Change in transmembrane potential from a smaller negative value or positive value
depolarization
125
Location of myelinated axons
white matter
126
Collection of cell bodies
gray matter
127
Establish emotional state, link conscious and unconscious function, role in memory storage/retrieval, control flight or fight response, link emotion with memory
limbic system
128
What are the general senses?
Pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
129
what are the special senses?
sight, hearing, olfaction, equilibrium, gustation (organ housing)
130
rest and digest
parasympathetic
131
fight or flight
sympathetic
132
Increases heart rate, breathing, sweating and decreases digestion
sympathetic
133
decreases heart rate, breathing, sweating, and increases digestion
parasympathetic
134
Innermost layer directly attached to neural tissue
pia mater
135
Middle layer of meninges
arachnoid mater
136
Outermost layer of meninges
dura mater
137
what are the steps to the reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron ,motor neuron, effector
138
Fast adaptation
phasic
139
what are some examples of phasic receptors?
Pressure, temperature
140
slow adaptation
tonic
141
what are some examples of tonic receptors?
Pain, light, proprioception
142
Detect chemicals
chemoreceptors
143
Respond to distortion in plasma membrane
mechanoreceptors
144
pain receptors
nocioceptors
145
Detects change in temperature
thermoreceptors
146
Light receptors in retina of the eye
photoreceptors
