Chapter 7

Question 1

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Protection and support

Question 2

Blood cell production

Answer 2

Hemopoiesis

Question 3

where does hemopoiesis occur?

Answer 3

red bone marrow

Question 4

where are lipids stored?

Answer 4

yellow bone marrow

Question 5

what minerals do bones store?

Answer 5

calcium and phosphorus

Question 6

Bones of skull, thorax, and vertebral column

Answer 6

axial

Question 7

bones of girdles and limbs

Answer 7

appendicular

Question 8

cap bones at joints

Answer 8

articular cartilage

Question 9

connects ribs to sternum

Answer 9

costal cartilage

Question 10

holds respiratory tract open

Answer 10

respiratory cartilage

Question 11

supports external nose

Answer 11

nasal cartilage

Question 12

what are the 3 types of cartilage found in the skeletal system?

Answer 12

hyaline, elastic fibrous

Question 13

what are the 4 types of bones?

Answer 13

long, flat, irregular, short

Question 14

what are some examples of flat bones?

Answer 14

roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

Question 15

what are some examples of long bones?

Answer 15

femur, humerus, ulna, radius, etc

Question 16

what are some examples of irregular bones?

Answer 16

vertebrae, pelvic bone, spheroid, sutural, ethmoidal

Question 17

what are some examples of short bones?

Answer 17

carpals, tarsals, sesamoid

Question 18

mature bone cell

Answer 18

osteocyte

Question 19

what is the function of osteocytes?

Answer 19

chemically dissolve bone matrix and rebuild bone

Question 20

how do osteocytes pass down nutrients

Answer 20

canaliculi

Question 21

bone builders

Answer 21

osteoblasts

Question 22

what is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 22

production of bone matrix

Question 23

organic compound that is released by osteoblasts

Answer 23

osteoid

Question 24

stem cells

Answer 24

osteoprogenitors

Question 25

where are osteoprogenitors found?

Answer 25

periosteum and endosteum

Question 26

what is the function of osteoprogenitors?

Answer 26

divide to create osteoblasts

Question 27

break down bone

Answer 27

Osteoclasts

Question 28

where doe osteoclasts come from?

Answer 28

stem cells of phagocytes

Question 29

where are osteoclasts found?

Answer 29

resorption lacuna

Question 30

what are the 2 types of bone tissue?

Answer 30

compact and spongy

Question 31

what are compact bones composed of?

Answer 31

osteons

Question 32

what are spongy bones composed of?

Answer 32

trabeculae

Question 33

growing in length

Answer 33

interstitial growth

Question 34

what are the steps of interstitial cartilage growth?

Answer 34

chondrocyte divides to create chondroblast chondroblasts synthesize and secrete new cartilage and move apart. chondroblasts move into their own lacunae and become chondrocytes

Question 35

Growing in width

Answer 35

appositional growth

Question 36

what are the steps of appositional cartilage growth?

Answer 36

stem cell in perichondrium divide to create chondroblasts new chondroblasts and periphery synthesize and create new cartilage chondroblasts move into their own lacunae and become chondrocytes

Question 37

forms majority of bones

Answer 37

endochondral ossification

Question 38

what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

Answer 38

1. hyaline cartilage model 2. chondrocytes calcify 3. blood vessels arrives at edge and superficial collar forms 4. blood supply penetrates and creates primary ossification center 5. remodeling occurs and medullary cavity is formed 6. secondary ossification center appears at epiphyses and lays down spongy bone 7. epiphyseal plate continues to grow and lengthen bone 8. epiphyseal closure

Question 39

forms dermal bones

Answer 39

intramembranous ossification

Question 40

what are the steps to intramembranous ossification?

Answer 40

1. osteoblasts within thickened regions of mesenchyme lay down bone forming woven bone 2. osteoblasts get trapped and become osteocytes 3. mesenchyme form periosteum 4. woven bone is replaced by secondary bone

Question 41

how is interstitial growth done in bone?

Answer 41

adding bone to epiphyseal plate

Question 42

how is appositional growth done in bone?

Answer 42

add bone within periosteum

Question 43

what 3 hormones affect bone remodeling?

Answer 43

growth, thyroid, sex

Question 44

increases cartilage in epiphyseal plate

Answer 44

growth hormone

Question 45

stimulates osteoblasts

Answer 45

thyroid hormone

Question 46

promote calcium deposition in bone

Answer 46

sex hormone

Question 47

disease resulting in decreased bone mass and leads to weakened bones which are prone to fracture

Answer 47

osteoporosis

Question 48

what physiological processes is calcium involved in?

Answer 48

muscle contraction, release of neurotransmitters, blood clotting

Question 49

how does the body increase blood calcium levels?

Answer 49

release parathyroid hormone

Question 50

osteoclast activity increases breaking down bone to release stored calcium into blood

Answer 50

bone response (low Ca in blood)

Question 51

increase calcium absorption rate

Answer 51

intestinal response (low Ca in blood)

Question 52

reabsorb calcium so less is lost in urine

Answer 52

kidney response (low Ca in blood)

Question 53

how does the body decrease blood calcium levels?

Answer 53

release calcitonin from the thyroid gland

Question 54

inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone

Answer 54

bone response (too much Ca)

Question 55

decrease in parathyroid and calcitriol levels result in slower rate in calcium absorption

Answer 55

intestinal response (too much Ca)

Question 56

decrease amount of calcitriol released

Answer 56

kidney response (too much Ca)

Question 57

Intermediate product that kidneys make

Answer 57

Calcitriol