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HUMB1000 > Compendium 7 > Flashcards

Compendium 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the renal system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Describe the kidneys

A

Lie behind parietal peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebral canal
Considered to be retroperitoneal
Located in abdominopelvic cavity
Right Kinney slightly lower than left due to liver
Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect kidneys
Adipose tissue engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning and to insulate heat
Renal fascia: thin, layer, connective tissue which anchors kidneys to posterior abdominal wall

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3
Q

Explain external anatomy of kidneys

A

Renal capsule: fibrous, connective tissue surrounding kidneys
Hilum: area with renal vein and artery
Renal artery and vein
Ureter

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4
Q

Explain internal anatomy of kidneys

A

Hilum: renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureters exit
URETER: exits at hilum, connects to bladder
CORTEX: outer area
MEDULLA: inner ares
RENAL COLUMNS: part of cortical tissue extending from medulla
RENAL PYRAMIDS: where urine production occurs
Top of pyramid is called RENAL PAPILLA
MINOR CALYCES: 8-20 which merge to from 2-3 MAJOR CALYCES
Converge to form renal pelvis

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5
Q

What is a nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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6
Q

What makes up a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Proximal convoluted tubule (cortex)
Loop of henle (descends into medulla)
Distal convoluted tubule (cortex)

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7
Q

Where does urine flow after nephron

A

Collecting duct to papillary ducts to minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

Many distal tubules will drain urine into same collecting duct

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8
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Renal corpuscle located near medulla
Long loops of henle extend deep into medulla
15% of all nephrons

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9
Q

What are cortical nephrons

A

Renal corpuscle located nearer to periphery of cortex
Loops of henle don’t extend deep into medulla
85% of all nephrons

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10
Q

What two parts is the renal corpuscle divided into

A

Glomerulus

Bowmans capsule

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11
Q

Explain glomerulus

A

Network of capillaries
Blood enters through afferent arteriole and exits through efferent arteriole to return to body
Afferent larger in diameter than efferent as blood enters at higher pressure in order to encourage filtration across capillary walls into capsule

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12
Q

Explain bowmans capsule

A

Enlarged end of nephron
Double walled chamber
Blood enters at high pressure, it is filtered and then enters proximal tubule

Parietal layer: outer layer, simple squamous, becomes cuboidal in proximal tubule

Visceral layer: inner layer, specialised podocytes that wrap around capillaries and facilitate filtration

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13
Q

Explain podocytes

A

Filtration membrane

Fenestrae: window like openings in endothelial cells of capillaries so fluid moves into capsule

Filtration slits: gaps between podocytes for leaking

Basement membrane: sandwiched between Endothelial cells of capillaries and podocytes

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14
Q

Explain proximal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
Active reabsorption K, Na, Cl
Large surface area, many mitochondria
80% water reabsorbed here, 100% reabsorption of sugars and amino acids

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15
Q

Explain loop of henle

A

Has descending and ascending limbs
Thick parts= simple cuboidal, thin parts= simple squamous
Reabsorbs ions and water
Osmosis and diffusion

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16
Q

Explain distal convoluted tubule

A 
Shorter than proximal 
Simple cuboidal with few microvilli 
Numerous mitochondria
Controlled waste secretions
Controls urine concentration by varying water reabsorption
17
Q

Explain collecting ducts

A

Large diameter
Extend through medulla towards papilla and then to ureter
Simple squamous epithelium

18
Q

How does blood flow in to kidney

A

Heart to kidneys through abdominal aorta

Renal arteries then branch off to each kidney taking blood into hilum through afferent arteriole

19
Q

How does blood exit kidney

A

When things are too big to pass through to afferent arteriole they flow to efferent arteriole which takes blood away from glomerulus, them through peritubular capillaries, finally all merge to become left or right renal vein which then both merge to form inferior vena cava

20
Q

Explain the movement of urine

A

Pressure forced urine through nephron

Smooth muscle moves urine from renal pelvis to ureters to bladder ureters via peristalsis = constant flow

Ureters enter bladder obliquely and posterior through section called trigone which doesn’t expand when the bladder does this creates pressure which can compresses ureter and prevents backflow

21
Q

Explain ureter

A

Bring urine from renal pelvis to bladder
Lined with transitional epithelium to allow for stretch (touches urine)
Epithelium surrounded by mucosa then smooth muscle layer then connective/fatty tissue

22
Q

Explain bladder

A

Increases or decreases size based on volume of urine
Transitional epithelium lines inside followed by lamina propria, submucosa, detrusor muscle (smooth muscle, allowing for contraction and expulsion of urine)

Flow to uretha isn’t constant, bladder has to be full to cause increased pressure

23
Q

Explain urethra

A

Bladder to outside
Internal urinary sphincter: elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle that prevents urine constantly flowing out of bladder
External urinary sphincter: skeletal muscle surrounding urethra, acts as a valve to control urine flow and can make decisions to relax and let urine out, or contract and keep in
Lined with transitional epithelium at top and stratified columnar epithelium towards opening

24
Q

Difference between male and female urethra

A

Males: longer than females

Females: shortness is why women are more prone to urinary tract infections than men

25
Q

Functions of renal system

A 
Excretion
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Solute concentration of blood
Extracellular pH
Red blood synthesis
Vitamin D synthesis
26
Q

What are the three stages of urine formation

A

Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

27
Q

What occurs in filtration stage

A

Movement of fluid derived from blood flowing through glomerulus and filtration membrane
Substances moved across membrane into bowmans capsule to be filtered and fluid is now called filtrate

Filtrate contains: water, glucose, amino acids, urea, irate ions, creatinine, some ions

Driven by pressure

28
Q

What is renal fraction

A

The part of cardiac output that passes through the kidneys

Varies from 20-30% in a healthy resting adult

29
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate produced each minute (~180L/day)
99% filtrate reabsorbed
Filtration membrane so important as it allows vital molecules (red blood cells, large molecules) can stay in body transport O2 and toxins can be removed

30
Q

Explain juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Smooth muscle cells of wall of afferent arteriole are called juxtaglomerular cells
Specialised tubule cells form distal convoluted tubule called MACULA DENSA

These secrete RENIN that can travel through blood to act on proteins and organs to reduce urine volume

31
Q

Explain tubular reabsorption

A

Return of water, small molecules and ions into blood (amino acids, ions, sugar) - most reabsorption
Occurs in renal tubules

Low pressure in capillaries allows for flow of substances from tubules (high to low pressure) to capillaries then into renal vein for circulation

Contains 2 surfaces:
Apical- out of nephron lumen
Basal- into blood

32
Q

Example of the movement of glucose across the cell membrane

A

SYMPORT- active movement Na across basal membrane linked to reabsorption of most solutes

Basal membrane = potassium sodium pumps that move Na so it has high conc. in filtrate and now conc. in nephron cell

Na wants to move from high to low, so will move across apical surface
Glucose piggybacks and comes in with Na (symport) and is moving up its conc gradient from low conc. in filtrate to high in nephron cell

Glucose now high conc in cell and wants to move to low conc. so binds to specific carrier molecules so it can cross basal surface via facilitated diffusion into interstitial fluid whereby it is picked up by capillaries to be returned to blood

33
Q

What is antiport

A

Example: movement Na with Ca - they move in opposite directions
Na with conc. gradient, Ca against conc. gradient

34
Q

Where do symport and antiport usually occur

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

35
Q

Role of loop of henle in tubular reabsorption

A

Reabsorption water and some solutes
Reduces filtrate down to 20%

Thickness/thinness and osmotic gradient of tube determines what transport mode

36
Q

Role of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in tubular reabsorption

A

Little reabsorption as under normal control by anti-diuretic hormone
ADH makes walls more permeable to water so water moves out of filtrate back in to body = small amount of concentrated urine
Reabsorption water via osmosis
Sometimes ion reabsorption via active transport and symport

Coffee and alcohol are diuretics so urine is passed more frequently as less water reabsorbed by kidneys –> too much leads to dehydration as more water lost than what is being taken in

37
Q

Explain tubular secretion

A

Movement of non filtered substances, toxin by products of metabolism, drugs or molecules not normally produced by body into nephron for excretion

Occurs mainly in distal convulted tubule
Can be active or passive
Ammonia, penicillin, H, K often secreted

38
Q

Explain composition of urine

A

1% filtrate becomes urine , 1-2 L per day
Dilute or concentrated depending on body’s needs (ADH or renin)
95% water, 5% wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid, H, K, creatinine, bile, drugs, toxins)
Hydrated body = small amount concentrated urine
Very hydrated = produces large amounts of dilute urine

39
Q

Explain micturition reflex

A

Bladder capacity is 1L
Elimination of urine
Full bladder activates receptors in smooth muscle which sends message to CNS
Brain voluntarily controls external urinary sphincter
When sphincter relaxes = urination

HUMB1000 (13 decks)

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