Compendium 2 - Questions

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

The basic structural and functional unit in living organisms

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

• group of similar cells and the extracellular materials surrounding them.
• four primary tissue types found in the human body.
• Organs are made up of the four primary tissues.

Question 3

Name the 4 primary tissue types found in the human body

Answer 3

1- Epithelial
2- Connective
3- Muscle
4- Nervous

Question 4

Give a description of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

• contains lots of cells with little extracellular matrix
• free surface and basal surface sitting on basement membrane
• avascular; no blood vessels
• found lining entire body, tubes, hollow organs

Question 5

What is histology study of?

Answer 5

• microscopic study of tissues to understand structure and function
• using a microscope
• tissue sampples fixed usual paraformaldehyde embedded in paraffin wax

Question 6

What does haematoxylin and eosin stain?

Answer 6

Commonly used in histology stain
Haematoxylin stains nucleus purple
Eosin stains cytoplasmic cell pink

Question 7

Explain the differences between; intracellular, extracellular, intravascular and intercellular

Answer 7

1- intra: inside cell
2- extra: outside cell
3- Intravascular: inside blood vessels
4- Intercellular - in between cells

Question 8

What are the main components of a cell’s intracellular environment

Answer 8

• enzymes, water, ions, hormones, dissolved gases, proteins, cytoskeleton

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

Control centre of the cell

contains genetic material; DNA and chromatin: codes for proteins

Question 10

Nucleolus

Answer 10

Produces ribosomes

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Energy powerhouse

ATP production

Question 12

Ribosome

Answer 12

Protein synthesis

Question 13

Lysosome

Answer 13

Digestive enzymes break down cell organelles

remove intracellular wastes; nucleic acids, lipids and proteins

Question 14

Rough ER

Answer 14

Protein synthesis and modification via ribosomes

Question 15

Smooth ER

Answer 15

Site of steroid, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

detox harmful substances

Question 16

Centrosome

Answer 16

Made up of 2 centrioles

Involved in growth of miotic spindle during mitosis

Question 17

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

Modifies, packages and distributes proteins + lipids for secretion out of cell or use within the cell

Question 18

Plasma membrane

Answer 18

Encloses and supports cellular contents
Controls what goes into and out of the cell
cell-cell communication

Question 19

What types of cells would have large numbers of mitochondria and why?

Answer 19

• Kidney, liver and muscle cells

- have higher energy requirements and use energy at a higher rate

Question 20

Name two types of cells that are multi-nucleated i.e. have more than one nuclei per cell? Why would cells be multi-nucleated?

Answer 20

Skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts (cells which break down bone). These cells require more regulation
e.g. muscle cells require the constant synthesis of enzymes and proteins for their function

Question 21

What types of cells would have a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and why?

Answer 21

1- Liver cells because they detoxify harmful substances. 2- Cells of the ovaries and testes because they produce the lipid-containing hormones estrogen and testosterone.
3- Adrenal glands in producing cortisol.

Question 22

What type of cell might be expected to contain a well-developed and extensive Golgi apparatus?
Name two examples

Answer 22

Secretory cells in general e.g. goblet cells (mucus), pancreatic beta cells (insulin) or acinar cells (enzymes), stomach chief cells (digestive enzymes) and plasma cells (antibodies).

Question 23

What is the difference between cytoskeleton, cytosol and cytoplasm

Answer 23

1- Consists of structural protein filaments that give shape to a cell, provide strength, stabilise the position of organelles and assist in cell movement.
2- Intracellular fluid, containing a mixture of water, salts, dissolved ions and organic molecules
3- The cell components outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. All the intracellular fluid plus all the organelles except the nucleus.

Question 24

Describe muscular tissue + example

Answer 24

• Contracts with a force to cause movement.
• Three kinds of muscle tissue; skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
• Skeletal muscles contract to move the body,
• cardiac muscles contracts to pump blood around the body,
• smooth muscles contract to decrease the size of organs such as the bladder during urination.

Question 25

Describe connective tissue

Answer 25

• Very diverse in structure and function.
• Few cells and an abundance of extracellular material.
• Tendons and ligaments connect tissue together.
• Bone and cartilage support the body.
• Connective tissue capsule cover and protect organs (e.g. liver and kidneys).

Question 26

Describe nervous tissue

Answer 26

specialised for information processing and conduction of signals quickly throughout the body.
Consists of neurons and supporting neuroglial cells.

Question 27

Describe epithelial tissue

Answer 27

Covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside of the body.
Comprised mostly of cells, sits on a basement membrane, nonvascular.
E.g. epidermis of the skin, linings of the digestive and respiratory tract, linings of blood vessels.

Question 28

What is the function of the basement membrane that lies directly under the epithelial cell layer?

Answer 28

• Support, anchoring layer for epithelial cells

- Forms part of epithelial barrier

Question 29

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the thyroid and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 29

• Simple cuboidal
• Secretion and absorption
• glands, ducts, part of nephron, terminal bronchioles

Question 30

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the trachea and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 30

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• Protection and secretion of mucous
• Nasal cavity, sinuses, bronchi, trachea

Question 31

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the large intestines and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 31

• Simple columnar
• Protection, secretion, absorption
• Lines stomach intestines, gallbladder, uterine tunes, collecting ducts in kidneys

Question 32

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the skinand what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 32

• Keratinised stratified squamous
• Physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemical attack
• Reduce water loss
• Skin only

Question 33

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the capillary and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 33

Simple squamous

• Quick diffusion, filtration, some secretion and friction
• Alveoli, blood vessels, thin part of loop of henle, inner lining of heart and body cavities

Question 34

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the bladder and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 34

• Transitions
• Permits expansion and recoils when relaxed
• Bladder, ureter, renal pelvis

Question 35

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the oesophagus and what is its function. Provide other examples of where this type would be found

Answer 35

• non keratinised stratified squamous
• physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack in a moist infection
• lines oral cavity, pharynx, vagina, rectum, anus

Question 36

Cilia are appendages projecting from the cell surface

What is their function? Where in the body are they found?

Answer 36

Cilia beat in an organised motion and move material across cell surface.
important in areas such as the trachea where they whip up mucous with trapped particles to prevent them entering lower respiratory system.