2- Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Functional characteristics of a cell
cell metabolism and energy use
synthesis of molecules
communication
reproduction and inheritance of DNA
Nucleus
S: nuclear envelope; bilayer membrane
F: control centre
DNA inside nucleus carries code for structural and functional characteristics of the cell
Ribosomes
S: 2 subunits; large + small, free + membrane bound
F: site of protien synthesis, nucleolus, nucleus, cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
S: flattened; interconnecting sacs and tubules, rough ER (ribosomes), smooth ER (no ribosomes)
F: Rough ER: Synthesis and modification of proteins
Smooth ER: Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis, detox harmful substances, breakdown glycogen -> glucose
Golgi Apparatus
S: Flattened membranous sacs with cisternase, secretory vesicles
F: Modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
S: Membrane bound vesicles at golgi apparatus, contains enzymes
F: digest molecules no longer needed by cell
Mitochondria
S: outer;intermediate;inner, matrix, shape continously changes, own genetic material to reproduce
F: produce and supply ATP
Centrioles
S; wall composed of microtubules, two centrioles = 1 centrosome
F: cell division
Cilia
S: motile cellular extensions project from outer surface of cells
F: Movement of substances across surface of cells
Flagella
F: motility
Microvilli
S: extension of plasma membrane, non-motile
F: Increase cell surface area
Cytoplasm
Cellular fluid material outside nucleus
contains organelles and cytosol
Cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Consists of ions, proteins
Inclusions: clumps of chemicals made within the cell
contains cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
supports cell + its organelles
responsible for changes to shape and movement of organelles
contains: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
structure of plasma membrane
S:
- Lipid bilayer (Phospholipids bilayers and cholesterol): Provides flexibility to the cell - Carbohydrates (4-8%)
- Proteins (45-50%)
- Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane): establishes a extracelluar micro-environment functions in metabolism.
○ Glycoproteins (Carbohydrates + proteins)
○ Glycolipids (Carbohydrates + lipids)
Carbohydrates
Role of plasma membrane
- Encloses and supports cellar contents
- Controls what goes in and out of the cell
- Role in inter-cellular communication
Histology
Study of tissues
Primary tissues + characteristics
1- Epithelial; covers
2- connective; support
3- Muscle; movement
4- Nervous; control
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
- Distinct cell surfaces; free, lateral and basal
- Avascular but innervates - Ability to regenerate
- Covers and protects
○ Covering and lining epithelium
○ Glandular epithelium
Cell layers
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
describe simple cell layer
single layer of cells
describe stratified cell layer
more than one cell layer
different shapes from lowest to high layers
describe pseudostratified cell layer
one layer
not all reach free surface
cell shapes
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional