Common Paeds Conditions Flashcards
What causes nappy rash?
skin inflammation. Most cases are due to a reaction of the skin to urine and poo.
What germ can take advantage of nappy rash and worsen it?
Candida, thrives on inflamed skin
How is nappy rash prevented?
Change nappy soon and often
Make sure to properly dry bottom
Use barrier creams
What is cradle cap?
Seborrhoeic dermatitis - bad dandruff
Skin inflammation affecting scalp and face
Not contagious
What are the symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis?
Cradle cap - areas of greasy, yellow, scaly patches on the scalp
Rash - mild red rash. This can appear on the eyebrows, on the skin next to their nose, or in the creases of the skin such as around the neck, behind the ears or in the armpits
What’s the treatment for seborrhoeic dermatitis?
Treatment not usually needed however:
-appearance of the scalp can be improved by daily washing with a baby shampoo followed by gentle brushing with a soft brush to loosen scales
-emollient cream instead of soap on the affected skin.
-medicated antifungal cream may be prescribed e.g. clotrimazole, econazole or miconazole
What is erythema toxicum neonatorum?
Baby acne - red blotches affecting face and trunk
What are the characteristics of Erythema toxicum neonatorum?
-Little, raised spots called papules are common.
-Little pus-filled spots (pustules) or fluid-filled small blisters (vesicles).
-There may be many spots or very few.
-The different spots vary in size.
-The spots blanch with light pressure (this means that they become pale and fade when pressed).
-The rash can be temporary (very transient) and sometimes individual spots can disappear within hours while new ones will appear somewhere else
How is head lice treated?
Wet combing:
-wash hair with ordinary shampoo
-apply lots of conditioner (any conditioner will do)
-comb the whole head of hair, using the detection comb, from the roots to the ends
Do wet combing on days 1, 5, 9 and 13 to catch any newly hatched head lice. Check again that everyone’s hair is free of lice on day 17.
What are signs of colic?
cry more than 3 hours a day, 3 days a week for at least 1 week but are otherwise healthy.
it’s hard to soothe or settle your baby
they clench their fists
they go red in the face
they bring their knees up to their tummy or arch their back
their tummy rumbles or they’re very windy
How do you soothe a colicky baby?
hold or cuddle your baby when they’re crying a lot
sit or hold your baby upright during feeding to stop them swallowing air
wind your baby after feeds
gently rock your baby over your shoulder
gently rock your baby in their Moses basket or crib, or push them in their pram
bath your baby in a warm bath
have some gentle white noise like the radio or TV in the background to distract them
keep feeding your baby as usual – you do not need to make any changes to your diet if you’re breastfeeding
What are the six classic childhood exanthems?
Measles
Scarlet fever
Rubella
Erythema infectiosum
Roseola infantum
Varicella
Whats the distribution of a measles rash?
-partially confluent
-starts behind ears then spreads
-Kopliks spots (white lesions in mouth)
Whats the description of the scarlet fever rash?
-fine, partially confluent
-begins on neck then spreads to rest of body
-Most pronounced in inguinal and axillary region
-red face
-bright red tongue
Whats the description of a rubella rash?
-non-confluent, pink, maculopapular
-begins behind ears and spreads to rest of body
Whats the appearance of erythema infectiosum?
Lace pattern on trunk and limbs
Blotchy rash on cheeks
Whats the characteristics of roseola infantum?
Rash mainly on trunk
3 days of high fever then sudden decrease
What are the characteristics of varicella?
-widespread rash, affecting entire body
-small red bumps that lead to fluid filled pustules that eventually scab
What is the normal age for a baby to sit without support?
6-8 months
Whats the normal age for crawling on hands and knees?
9-11 months
Whats the normal age for cruise or bottom shuffling?
11-12 months
Whats the normal age for independent walking?
12-14 months
Whats the normal age for Climb up stairs on hands and knees?
15 months
Whats the normal age for running stiffly?
16 months
Whats the normal age for walking down steps (non-reciprocal)?
20-24 months
Whats the normal age for walking up steps with alternate feet?
3 yrs
Whats the normal age for hopping on one foot?
4 yrs
Whats the normal age to start skipping?
5 yrs
Whats the normal age to begin balancing on one foot for 20secs?
6-7yrs
What are some normal gait variations for children?
Toe walking is common up to 3 years.
In-toeing can be due to persisting femoral anteversion. Children walk with knees and feet pointing inwards (this is most common between ages 3-8 years).
Internal tibial torsion is also common (knees point forwards but feet point in).
Metatarsus adductus is a flexible ‘C-shaped’ lateral border of the foot. Most resolve by the age of 6 years.
Bow legs (genu varus) are common from birth to early toddler-hood, maximum at age 1 year, often with out-toeing. Most resolve by 18 months.
Knock knees (genu valgus) are common and associated with in-toeing. Most resolve by the age of 7 years.
Flat feet are common. Most children have a flexible foot with a normal arch on tiptoeing. Flat feet usually resolve by the age of 6 years.
Crooked toes. Most resolve with weight-bearing.
