Common Paeds Conditions

Question 1

What causes nappy rash?

Answer 1

skin inflammation. Most cases are due to a reaction of the skin to urine and poo.

Question 2

What germ can take advantage of nappy rash and worsen it?

Answer 2

Candida, thrives on inflamed skin

Question 3

How is nappy rash prevented?

Answer 3

Change nappy soon and often
Make sure to properly dry bottom
Use barrier creams

Question 4

What is cradle cap?

Answer 4

Seborrhoeic dermatitis - bad dandruff
Skin inflammation affecting scalp and face
Not contagious

Question 5

What are the symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis?

Answer 5

Cradle cap - areas of greasy, yellow, scaly patches on the scalp

Rash - mild red rash. This can appear on the eyebrows, on the skin next to their nose, or in the creases of the skin such as around the neck, behind the ears or in the armpits

Question 6

What’s the treatment for seborrhoeic dermatitis?

Answer 6

Treatment not usually needed however:
-appearance of the scalp can be improved by daily washing with a baby shampoo followed by gentle brushing with a soft brush to loosen scales
-emollient cream instead of soap on the affected skin.
-medicated antifungal cream may be prescribed e.g. clotrimazole, econazole or miconazole

Question 7

What is erythema toxicum neonatorum?

Answer 7

Baby acne - red blotches affecting face and trunk

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Erythema toxicum neonatorum?

Answer 8

-Little, raised spots called papules are common.
-Little pus-filled spots (pustules) or fluid-filled small blisters (vesicles).
-There may be many spots or very few.
-The different spots vary in size.
-The spots blanch with light pressure (this means that they become pale and fade when pressed).
-The rash can be temporary (very transient) and sometimes individual spots can disappear within hours while new ones will appear somewhere else

Question 9

How is head lice treated?

Answer 9

Wet combing:
-wash hair with ordinary shampoo
-apply lots of conditioner (any conditioner will do)
-comb the whole head of hair, using the detection comb, from the roots to the ends

Do wet combing on days 1, 5, 9 and 13 to catch any newly hatched head lice. Check again that everyone’s hair is free of lice on day 17.

Question 10

What are signs of colic?

Answer 10

cry more than 3 hours a day, 3 days a week for at least 1 week but are otherwise healthy.

it’s hard to soothe or settle your baby
they clench their fists
they go red in the face
they bring their knees up to their tummy or arch their back
their tummy rumbles or they’re very windy

Question 11

How do you soothe a colicky baby?

Answer 11

hold or cuddle your baby when they’re crying a lot
sit or hold your baby upright during feeding to stop them swallowing air
wind your baby after feeds
gently rock your baby over your shoulder
gently rock your baby in their Moses basket or crib, or push them in their pram
bath your baby in a warm bath
have some gentle white noise like the radio or TV in the background to distract them
keep feeding your baby as usual – you do not need to make any changes to your diet if you’re breastfeeding

Question 12

What are the six classic childhood exanthems?

Answer 12

Measles
Scarlet fever
Rubella
Erythema infectiosum
Roseola infantum
Varicella

Question 13

Whats the distribution of a measles rash?

Answer 13

-partially confluent
-starts behind ears then spreads
-Kopliks spots (white lesions in mouth)

Question 14

Whats the description of the scarlet fever rash?

Answer 14

-fine, partially confluent
-begins on neck then spreads to rest of body
-Most pronounced in inguinal and axillary region
-red face
-bright red tongue

Question 15

Whats the description of a rubella rash?

Answer 15

-non-confluent, pink, maculopapular
-begins behind ears and spreads to rest of body

Question 16

Whats the appearance of erythema infectiosum?

Answer 16

Lace pattern on trunk and limbs
Blotchy rash on cheeks

Question 17

Whats the characteristics of roseola infantum?

Answer 17

Rash mainly on trunk
3 days of high fever then sudden decrease

Question 18

What are the characteristics of varicella?

Answer 18

-widespread rash, affecting entire body
-small red bumps that lead to fluid filled pustules that eventually scab

Question 19

What is the normal age for a baby to sit without support?

Answer 19

6-8 months

Question 20

Whats the normal age for crawling on hands and knees?

Answer 20

9-11 months

Question 21

Whats the normal age for cruise or bottom shuffling?

Answer 21

11-12 months

Question 22

Whats the normal age for independent walking?

Answer 22

12-14 months

Question 23

Whats the normal age for Climb up stairs on hands and knees?

Answer 23

15 months

Question 24

Whats the normal age for running stiffly?

Answer 24

16 months

Question 25

Whats the normal age for walking down steps (non-reciprocal)?

Answer 25

20-24 months

Question 26

Whats the normal age for walking up steps with alternate feet?

Answer 26

3 yrs

Question 27

Whats the normal age for hopping on one foot?

Answer 27

4 yrs

Question 28

Whats the normal age to start skipping?

Answer 28

5 yrs

Question 29

Whats the normal age to begin balancing on one foot for 20secs?

Answer 29

6-7yrs

Question 30

What are some normal gait variations for children?

Answer 30

Toe walking is common up to 3 years.

In-toeing can be due to persisting femoral anteversion. Children walk with knees and feet pointing inwards (this is most common between ages 3-8 years).

Internal tibial torsion is also common (knees point forwards but feet point in).

Metatarsus adductus is a flexible ‘C-shaped’ lateral border of the foot. Most resolve by the age of 6 years.

Bow legs (genu varus) are common from birth to early toddler-hood, maximum at age 1 year, often with out-toeing. Most resolve by 18 months.

Knock knees (genu valgus) are common and associated with in-toeing. Most resolve by the age of 7 years.

Flat feet are common. Most children have a flexible foot with a normal arch on tiptoeing. Flat feet usually resolve by the age of 6 years.

Crooked toes. Most resolve with weight-bearing.