Common Foot and Ankle Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology of hallux valgus

A

Genetic
Footwear
Significant female proponderance

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2
Q

Symptoms of hallux valgus

A

Pressure symptoms from shoe wear
Pain from crossing over of toes
Metatarsalgia

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of hallux valgus

A

Lateral angulation of great toe, tendons pull realigned to lateral of centre of rotation worsening deformity
Viscous cycle
Sesamoid bones sublux - less weight goes through great toe
As deformity progresses abnormalities of lesser toe occur

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4
Q

Diagnosis of hallux valgus

A

Clinical

X-rays(severity)

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5
Q

Management of hallux valgus

A

Non operative - shoe wear modification, orthotics to offload pressure, activity modification, analgesia
Operative - release lateral soft tissues, oseotomy 1st metatarsal

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6
Q

What is hallux rigidus

A
Stiff big toe - OA of 1st MTP joint
Many asymptomatic 
Pain
Limited ROM
Diagnosis - clinical or radiographs
Management - activity modification, shoe wear with rigid sole, analgesia, surgery
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7
Q

Aetiologies of lesser toe deformities

A

Imbalance between flexors and extensors
Neurological
Rheumatoid arthritis
Idiopathic

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8
Q

Symptoms of lesser toe deformities

A

Deformity
Pain from dorsum
Metatarsalgia

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9
Q

Management lesser toe deformities

A

Non-op - activity modification, shoe wear, orthotic insoles

Op - flexor to extensor transfer, fusion of IP join, release MTP joint, shortening osteotomy of metatarsal

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10
Q

Aetiology mortons neuroma

A

Mechanically induced degenerative neuropathy
Females 40-60
Wearing high heels
Common digital nerve relatively tethered to one metatarsal and movement in adjacents causing mechanical shear

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11
Q

Symptoms mortons neuroma

A

Typically affects 3rd then 2nd webspace/toes
Neuralgic burning pain into toes
Intermittent
Altered sensation in webspace

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12
Q

Diagnosis mortons neuroma

A

Clinical
Mulder’s click
US or MRI

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13
Q

Management mortons neuroma

A

injection for small lesions

Surgery - excision of lesion including a section of normal nerve

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14
Q

Treatment of rheumatoid forefoot

A

Non op - shoe wear, orhtotics, activity
Op - 1st MTPJ arthrodesis
2-5th toe excision arthroplasty

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15
Q

Aetiology dorsal foot ganglion

A

Arise from joint or tendon sheath
Idiopathic
Underlying arthritis
Underlying tendon pathology

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16
Q

Symptoms dorsal foot ganglion

A

pain from pressure from shoe wear

Pain from underlying problem

17
Q

Treatment dorsal foot ganglion

A

Non op - aspiration

Operative - excision

18
Q

Treatment mid foot arthritis

A

Non-op activity/shoewear/orthotics, injections

Op - fusion

19
Q

Plantar fibromatosis treatment

A

non op - avoid pressure
operative - excision
Radiotherapy

20
Q

Achilles tendinopathy aetiology

A

Paratendonopathy - athletic populations, 30-40, M>F

Tendonopathy - non athletic, > 40, obesity, steroids, DM

21
Q

Achilles tendinopathy symptoms

A
Pain during exercise
Pain following exercise
Recurrent episodes
Difficulty fitting shoes
Rupture
22
Q

Diagnosis achilles tendinopathy

A

Clinical - tenderness, tests for rupture

Investigations - US, MRI

23
Q

Treatment achilles tendinopathy

A

Non-op activity mod, weight loss, shoe wear mod, physio, extra-corporeal shock wave, immobilisation
Op - gastrocnemius recession, release and debridement of tendon

24
Q

Plantar fasciitis aetiology

A
Athletes with high intensity or rapid increase training
running poorly padded shoes
Obesity
occupations involving prolonged standing
Foot/lower limb deformities
tight gastro-soleus complex
25
Plantar fasciitis symptoms
pain first thing in morning pain on weight bearing after rest pain located at origin of plantar fascia long lasting
26
DDx plantar fasciitis
nerve entrapment syndrome Arthritis Calcaneal pathology
27
Diagnosis plantar fasciitis
Mainly clinical | Occasionally x-rays, US, MRI
28
Treatment plantar fasciitis
``` rest, change training stretching ice NSAIDs orthoses physio weight loss injections night splinting ```
29
Newer/third line treatments of plantar fasciitis
``` extracorporeal shockwave therapy topaz plasma coblation nitric oxide platelet rich plasma endoscopic/open surgery ```
30
Anke arthritis aetiology and symptoms
post traumatic idiopathic pain stiffness
31
Ankle arthritis diagnosis
clinical radiographs CT scan
32
Management ankle arthritis
``` weight loss activity modification analagesia physio steroid injections arthrodesis, joint replacement ```
33
What is posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
``` acquired adult flat foot planovalgus common clinical diagnosis - double and single heel raise (valgus to varus) medial or lateral pain orthoses or surgery ```
34
Aetiology diabetic foot ulcer
diabetic neuropathy diabetic autonomic neuropathy poor vascular supply lack of patient education
35
Treatment diabetic foot ulcer
Prevention Modify main detriments ot healing - smoking, DM control, vascular supply, external pressure, internal pressure, infection, nutrition Surgical - improve vascular supply, decried ulcers and get deep samples for microbio, correct deformity, amputation
36
Aetiology charcot neuroarthropathy
Any cause of neuropathy Diabetes commonest Presents with syphillis
37
Features charcot neuroarthropathy
rapid bone destruction in 3 stages - fragmentation, coalescence, remodelling
38
Diagnosis charcot neuroarthropathy
``` high index of suspicion consider in any diabetic with acute swollen erythematous foot frequently not painful radiographs MRI ```
39
Management charcot neuroarthropathy
prevention immobilisation/non weight bearing correct deformity