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psicologia > cognitive part 2 > Flashcards

cognitive part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of inferences

A

Retroactive: disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info.
Proactive: Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info.

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2
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banishes unwanted thoughts & emotions

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3
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event. (gossip)

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4
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing the wrong source an event happened.

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5
Q

Schema

A

mental filters or map that organize our information about the world. Impacts perceptual sets.

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of an existing schema.

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7
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response to stimulus after repeated presentations.

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8
Q

Accomodation

A

Adapting one’s current understanding to incorporate new info.

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9
Q

Prototype

A

Graded categorization that some things may be greater than others.

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10
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step procedures

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11
Q

Insight

A

Sudden occurrence of a solution to a problem.

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12
Q

Metacognition

A

Process used to plan, monitor and assess ones understanding & performance.

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13
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem-solving and decision-making strategy in which individuals or entities analyze previous results or experiences to get to a conclusion.

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14
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Relying on similar past events.

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15
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Relying on sources or information available.

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16
Q

Anchoring heuristic

A

Relying on the first bit of information

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17
Q

Affect heurisitc

A

Relying on instant emotions

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18
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Used to generate creative ideas by exploring many solutions.

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19
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Solution to a problem can be deduced by applying rules and logical reasoning.

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20
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to process information by looking for information that is consistent with one’s existing beliefs.

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21
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.

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22
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to realize that something can be used to perform other functions.

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23
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A

Overestimate their own abilities, be more confident than correct.

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24
Q

Belief perserverance

A

Cling one initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts.

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25
Q

Framing Bias

A

A set of options is influenced by the presentation than the product.

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26
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to understand, use and manage your own emotions.

27
Q

Stereotype threat

A

People feel themselves to be at risks of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.

28
Q

General Intelligence

A

Problem-solving, reasoning, memory, learning and IQ.

29
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Solve new problems and adapt to new situations without relying in prior knowledge.

30
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Knowledge & skills acquired over time through education & experience.

31
Q

Memory

A

Ability to recall facts, events, and experiences.

32
Q

Attention

A

Ability to concentrate on a task and ignore distractions.

33
Q

Reasoning & Problem-solving

A

Reason logically and solve complex problems.

34
Q

Language

A

Vocabulary, grammar and ability to comprehend and produce.

35
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

Total score derived from a set of standarized tests.

36
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

A

Intelligence is not a single, fixed entity, but rather a set of cognitive abilities & intelligences.

37
Q

Eight Intelligences from Gardner’s theory

A

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial (manipulate 3D obj), musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (interact w/ ppl), intrapersonal (yourself), naturalistic.

38
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

Mental ability has an amazing specific skill.

39
Q

Triarchic theory

A

Analytical intelligence: analyze evaluate, & solve.
Experential (creative)
Contextual: Understand social situations, adapt to diff, environments.

40
Q

Sensori-motor stage

A

(0-2) Develop 5 senses. Curiosity. Language used for demands and cataloguing.

41
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

(2-7) Symbolic thinking, imagination and intuition are strong but complex thoughts are non-existent.

42
Q

Concrete operational

A

(7-11) Discover logic reasoning, math. Space, time, and quantity are understood but can not be applied.

43
Q

Formal Operation

A

(12+) Think rationally of abstract concepts, theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking.

44
Q

Object Permanence

A

Sensorimotor stage. understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they are not seen, heard or touched.

45
Q

Egocentrism

A

Preoperational stage. Inability to consider another person’s point of view.

46
Q

Animistic thinking

A

Preoperational stage. Believing inanimate objects have feelings.

47
Q

Theory of mind

A

Preoperational stage. ability to attribute menta states to oneself and other and understand other have different sense of minds.

48
Q

Reversibility

A

Concrete. Reverses a sequecne of events to the original condition.

49
Q

Conservation

A

Concrete. Understanding two equal quantities remain equal even though their form is rearranged.

50
Q

categorizing

A

Concrete. Detaching concept of something from the concrete form. Classification and decentralization.

51
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. (K)

A

Proposed that it is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. Six stages in three levels.

52
Q

preconventional moral stage (K)

A

Earliest stage of obedience & punishment, people see rules as fixed. Important to follow to avid punishment. (younger than 6)

53
Q

Conventional (K)

A

Living up to social expectations & roles. People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements. Focus on maintaining law & order. (7-11 years)

54
Q

Post-conventional (K)

A

Differing values, opinions, & beliefs of other people. Baes on ethical principles and abstract reasoning. People follow internalized rules of justice even if it conflicts law. (11+ years)

55
Q

Kohlberg’s critics

A

Gilligan suggested that it was gender-biased since al exaples were male.

56
Q

Identity diffusion

A

No commitment, no exploration. Indifference or confusion about their personal identity.

57
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

Yes commitment, no exploration. Person does not search alternative options and stays with parental expectations for example.

58
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

Yes exploration, no commitment. Experimentation with values, roles & beliefs, not settle on a single identity.

59
Q

Identity Achievement

A

Yes exploration, Yes commitment. After exploring various options they have found themselves and decided on their identity.

60
Q

Depression

A

Persistent feelings of sadness and worthlessness. Lack of desire to live.

61
Q

Bipolar mood Disorder

A

Extreme shifts in mood. Extremely elevated mood is called mania.

62
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Teach people that they cannot take control for every aspect of their lives but they can control how they interpret and deal with things. Becoming aware of negative and unrealistic thoughts.

63
Q

rational Emotive Behavior (REBT)

A

identify problematic beliefs and respond rationally to such situations.

64
Q

ABC model

A

A: Activating event: Somethign happens in the environment around you.
B: Beliefs: You hold a belief about the vent or situation.
C: Consequence: you have a emotional response to belief.
D: Distupations & Beliefs: Challenge beliefs to create new consequences.
E: Effective new beliefs: Implementation of new beliefs.
Essential to look at the beliefs of these experiences.

psicologia (14 decks)

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