cognitive part 2 Flashcards
Types of inferences
Retroactive: disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info.
Proactive: Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info.
Repression
Basic defense mechanism that banishes unwanted thoughts & emotions
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event. (gossip)
Source Amnesia
Attributing the wrong source an event happened.
Schema
mental filters or map that organize our information about the world. Impacts perceptual sets.
Assimilation
Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of an existing schema.
Habituation
decrease in response to stimulus after repeated presentations.
Accomodation
Adapting one’s current understanding to incorporate new info.
Prototype
Graded categorization that some things may be greater than others.
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedures
Insight
Sudden occurrence of a solution to a problem.
Metacognition
Process used to plan, monitor and assess ones understanding & performance.
Heuristics
Problem-solving and decision-making strategy in which individuals or entities analyze previous results or experiences to get to a conclusion.
Representative heuristic
Relying on similar past events.
Availability heuristic
Relying on sources or information available.
Anchoring heuristic
Relying on the first bit of information
Affect heurisitc
Relying on instant emotions
Divergent thinking
Used to generate creative ideas by exploring many solutions.
Convergent Thinking
Solution to a problem can be deduced by applying rules and logical reasoning.
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to process information by looking for information that is consistent with one’s existing beliefs.
Mental set
Tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.
Functional Fixedness
Inability to realize that something can be used to perform other functions.
Overconfidence Bias
Overestimate their own abilities, be more confident than correct.
Belief perserverance
Cling one initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts.
Framing Bias
A set of options is influenced by the presentation than the product.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to understand, use and manage your own emotions.
Stereotype threat
People feel themselves to be at risks of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.
General Intelligence
Problem-solving, reasoning, memory, learning and IQ.
Fluid intelligence
Solve new problems and adapt to new situations without relying in prior knowledge.
Crystallized Intelligence
Knowledge & skills acquired over time through education & experience.
Memory
Ability to recall facts, events, and experiences.
Attention
Ability to concentrate on a task and ignore distractions.
Reasoning & Problem-solving
Reason logically and solve complex problems.
Language
Vocabulary, grammar and ability to comprehend and produce.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Total score derived from a set of standarized tests.
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Intelligence is not a single, fixed entity, but rather a set of cognitive abilities & intelligences.
Eight Intelligences from Gardner’s theory
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial (manipulate 3D obj), musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (interact w/ ppl), intrapersonal (yourself), naturalistic.
Savant Syndrome
Mental ability has an amazing specific skill.
Triarchic theory
Analytical intelligence: analyze evaluate, & solve.
Experential (creative)
Contextual: Understand social situations, adapt to diff, environments.
Sensori-motor stage
(0-2) Develop 5 senses. Curiosity. Language used for demands and cataloguing.
Pre-operational Stage
(2-7) Symbolic thinking, imagination and intuition are strong but complex thoughts are non-existent.
Concrete operational
(7-11) Discover logic reasoning, math. Space, time, and quantity are understood but can not be applied.
Formal Operation
(12+) Think rationally of abstract concepts, theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking.
Object Permanence
Sensorimotor stage. understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they are not seen, heard or touched.
Egocentrism
Preoperational stage. Inability to consider another person’s point of view.
Animistic thinking
Preoperational stage. Believing inanimate objects have feelings.
Theory of mind
Preoperational stage. ability to attribute menta states to oneself and other and understand other have different sense of minds.
Reversibility
Concrete. Reverses a sequecne of events to the original condition.
Conservation
Concrete. Understanding two equal quantities remain equal even though their form is rearranged.
categorizing
Concrete. Detaching concept of something from the concrete form. Classification and decentralization.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. (K)
Proposed that it is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. Six stages in three levels.
preconventional moral stage (K)
Earliest stage of obedience & punishment, people see rules as fixed. Important to follow to avid punishment. (younger than 6)
Conventional (K)
Living up to social expectations & roles. People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements. Focus on maintaining law & order. (7-11 years)
Post-conventional (K)
Differing values, opinions, & beliefs of other people. Baes on ethical principles and abstract reasoning. People follow internalized rules of justice even if it conflicts law. (11+ years)
Kohlberg’s critics
Gilligan suggested that it was gender-biased since al exaples were male.
Identity diffusion
No commitment, no exploration. Indifference or confusion about their personal identity.
Identity Foreclosure
Yes commitment, no exploration. Person does not search alternative options and stays with parental expectations for example.
Identity Moratorium
Yes exploration, no commitment. Experimentation with values, roles & beliefs, not settle on a single identity.
Identity Achievement
Yes exploration, Yes commitment. After exploring various options they have found themselves and decided on their identity.
Depression
Persistent feelings of sadness and worthlessness. Lack of desire to live.
Bipolar mood Disorder
Extreme shifts in mood. Extremely elevated mood is called mania.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Teach people that they cannot take control for every aspect of their lives but they can control how they interpret and deal with things. Becoming aware of negative and unrealistic thoughts.
rational Emotive Behavior (REBT)
identify problematic beliefs and respond rationally to such situations.
ABC model
A: Activating event: Somethign happens in the environment around you.
B: Beliefs: You hold a belief about the vent or situation.
C: Consequence: you have a emotional response to belief.
D: Distupations & Beliefs: Challenge beliefs to create new consequences.
E: Effective new beliefs: Implementation of new beliefs.
Essential to look at the beliefs of these experiences.
