COGNITIVE Flashcards
What composes Cognition?
- Reason
- Judgement
- Comprehension Attention
- Memory Perception
There is something wrong with the brain
Impaired Cognition
Being out of one’s furrow ( lutang )
- Disturbed consciousness
- Disturbed cognition
- Confused patients
- Acute and reversible
DELIRIUM
Manifestations of Delirium
(DELIRIUM)
D - Disorientation or disturbed sensory perception
E – Emotional response is inappropriate
L – Level of Consciousness alteration
I – Impaired Judgement
R – Restlessness / Reversible
I – Illogical speech
U – Unsustained attention
M – Medical Condition (Underlying)
- A CHRONIC and mostly IRREVERSIBLE neurodegenerative disease
- Progressive deterioration of cognition
DEMENTIA
a type of dementia that is reversible
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Dementia
- The most common cause of neurocognitive disorders
- A type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior.
- Can seriously affect a person’s ability to carry out daily activities.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
RISK FACTORS for ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- Age
- Low levels of education
- Gender
- Hereditary
- Head injury
RISK FACTORS for ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- What age does alzheimer’s disease usually occur? What is the early onset and late onset?
Elderly at 65 yrs old
- Early Onset Dementia = <65
- Late Onset Dementia = >65
RISK FACTORS for ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- Alzheimer is common among which gender?
Female
RISK FACTORS for ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- Who are most at risk for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Boxers - their head is always being hit while playing.
What is the MAIN PROBLEM with Alzheimer’s disease
Decrease in acetylcholine
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Alzheimer’s disease and explain
↓ Acetylcholine
↓
↑ Senile Plaques & Neurofibrillary Tangles
↓
↑Brain Cell Death
↓
↓ Brain Mass
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Alzheimer’s disease and explain (NMDA)
↑ NMDA + Glutamate = Excitotoxicity
↓
Brain Cell Death
↓
Decreased Acetylcholine
CLASSIC BEHAVIORS of Alzheimer’s disease
- Memory Loss
- Illusion/Hallucination
- Delusion
FIVE A’S of Alzheimer’s disease
- Aphasia
- Anomia
- Agnosia
- Apraxia
- Amnesia
Define Aphasia
inability to understand/express yourself in words
Differentiate receptive, expressive and global aphasia
a. Receptive – inability to comprehend and
analyze what you are hearing.
b. Expressive – can’t convert your thoughts into
words.
c. Global – patients experience both receptive
and expressive aphasia
Define Anomia
inability to recognize/name objects
Define Agnosia
inability to name and use objects
Define Apraxia
inability to perform previously learned
activities of daily living
Define Amnesia
memory loss
What is Anterogade and retrogade in amnesia?
a. Anterograde – forgetting the immediate past – Forgets where you place your house keys.
b. Retrograde – forgetting the distant past
– forgets what school you went for elementary/highschool
patients of Alzheimer’s disease who are experiencing amnesia, will manifest what?
CONFABULATION (filling in/invention of memory)
What are the PERSONALITY CHANGES in Alzheimer’s disease?
- Personality Changes (irritable, aggressive)
- Wandering (naliligaw)
- Sundowning (become more agitated by 5 or 6 pm)
What are the NURSING DIAGNOSIS in Alzheimer’s disease?
- Altered thought process
- Risk for injury
- Self-Care Deficit
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT in Alzheimer’s disease
(CAREN)
These drugs don’t cure Alzheimer’s but slows down
the progression of the disease.
C - Cognex
A - Aricept
R - Razodyne
E - Exelon
- AChE inhibitors (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
N - Namdenda
- NMDA Antagonist
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Alzheimer’s disease
(SURE)
S - Safety
U - Use simple words
R - Re-orient
E - Environment
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Alzheimer’s disease
(SURE)
- How will you ensure safety?
limit use of siderails, clutter-free environment
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Alzheimer’s disease
(SURE)
- How will you re-orient?
- use clocks, calendars, seasonal decorations except for Halloween
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Alzheimer’s disease
(SURE)
- Environment
should be well lit & low stimuli
Interventions for Aphasia
Use simple words, pen & paper (Magic Slate), picture board
Interventions for Anomia and Agnosia
- Always introduce yourself
- Put label on objects
- Demonstrate the use of objects
Interventions for Apraxia
Use step-by-step instructions Provide schedule of activity
Interventions for Amnseia
Reminisce therapy
