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Nursing- Biosciences and Pharmacology > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an excitatory neurone? Give examples

A

-stimulate or excite the post-synaptic neurone to send the impulse

-acetylcholine
-adrenaline
-glutamate
-nitric oxide

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2
Q

What is an inhibitory neurone? Give examples

A

-inhibit or prevent the post-synaptic neurone sending the impulse

-gaba
-glycine
-serotonin
-dopamine

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3
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitters that can either be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor present on the post-synaptic neurone

A

-noradrenaline
-dopamine
histamine

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4
Q

What is the difference between an ionotropic neurone and a metabotropic neurone?

A

-ionotropic= made of of proteins
-metabotrphic= single protein with different domains

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5
Q

What are the key parts of a neurones structure?

A

-cell body
-dendrites
-axon
-myelin sheath
-axon terminals

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5
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

-the outer layer of the brain that lies on top of the cerebrum

-the cerebrum divides your brain into two halves called hemispheres

-the hemispheres are attached by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

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6
Q

What are the key stages of embryological development of the neurological system?

A

17 days= flat, 3 layered embryo
20 days= neural folds to form neural plate
22 days= neural folds close to form neural plate

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7
Q

How does the brain develop in embryological development?

A

week 4:
-primary vesicles develop into fore, mid and hind brain

weeks 5-11:
-secondary vesicles develop to form the different parts of the brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon)
-growth continues to around 30 weeks gestation
-peripheral nervous system develops from the neural crest

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8
Q

What problems can occur in embryological neurological development? (before and post 20 weeks)

A

before 20 weeks:
-division of hemispheres
-development of neuones
-neural migration
-development of the cerebellum

20 weeks onwards:
-destructive lesions
-often secondary to infection, haemorrhage and ischaemia

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9
Q

What neural tube defects may occur?

A

failure of the neural tube to close 18-26 days after ovulation can lead to:
-anencephaly
-encephalocele
-spina bifida/ spina bifida occulta

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10
Q

What are the 2 areas that the developing skull forms from the mesenchyme?

A
  1. neurocranium (the protective case)
  2. viscerocranium (facial skeleton)
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11
Q

Explain the key developments of the brain/ skull from birth to adolescence

A

-by 1 years old- brain doubles in size
-by 2 years old- brain is 75% of its future brain weight as an adult
-by 6 years old- this is 90%
-by 10 years old- this is 100%

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12
Q

At what age does the anterior and posterior fontanelle close?

A

-anterior fontanelle- 12-18 months

-posterior fontanelle- 4-6 weeks

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13
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

-recurring unpredictable seizures
-seizure symptoms all depend on what neurones are affected in the brain

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14
Q

How can seizures be caused by too much neurone excitation?

A

-main excitatory neurotransmitter is glutamate
-glutamate’s receptor is NMD, that responds by letting (too many) positive calcium ions inside the cell

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15
Q

How can seizures be caused by too little neurone inhibition?

A

-main inhibitory neurotransmitter is GABA
-GABA’s receptor is GABA, which inhibits signals by opening ion channels that allows (too many) negative chloride ions in

16
Q

What is a partial/ focal seizure? What 2 types are there?

A

-one hemisphere or lobe is affected
-can either be simple partial (patient remains conscious)
-or complex partial (patient loses consciousness)

17
Q

What is a generalised seizure? What are the few types of generalised seizures?

A

-both hemispheres of brain are affected
-may start as focal but develop into general

-tonic= becomes stiff and flexed
-atonic= becomes floppy and relaxed
-clonic= have violent muscle contractions (convulsions)

-tonic clonic (most common)= muscles first tense up, then clonic phase
-myoclonic= short muscle twitches
-absence seizures= lose consciousness then regain consciousness

18
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

seizures last for more then 5 minutes, this is considered a medical emergency and can be life threatening if not treated immediately

19
Q

What is Todd’s paralysis?

A

temporary but severe suppression of activity in brain area
-lasts for an average of 15 hours

20
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

-brain imaging= MRI or CT to look for abnormalities
-electroencephalogram (EEG)= detects electrical signals in the brain

21
Q

How can epilepsy be treated?

A

-daily medications e.g anticonvulsants
-epilepsy surgery- remove cause of seizures
-nerve stimulation- stimulates vagus nerve to release neurotransmitters
-ketogenic diet- forces body to burn fat instead of carbohydrates, producing ketone bodies used by the brain instead of glucose

22
Q

What are febrile seizures?

A

seizures that occur in children when they have a fever, usually between the ages of 6 months and 5 years

23
Q

What is hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

-an event that occurs during the prenatal, intrapartum or postpartum period where adequate cerebral blood flow is prevented from providing oxygen to the brain

23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischaemic?

A

moderate decrease in cerebral perfusion triggers cerebral arteries to redistribute the blood to:
-posterior circulation

and maintain adequate perfusion to:
-brainstem
-basal ganglia
-cerebellum

24
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

-A neurodevelopmental brain condition, causing paralysis
-its a non-progressive condition, so doesn’t get worse overtime
-its cause is difficult to identify but may be due to environmental factors e.g radiation/ infection, or a genetic mutation

25
Q

What is spastic cerebral palsy?

A

-tight/ stiff muscles due to lesion in upper motor neurone
-can cause a scissor gait, when adductor muscles remain contracted

26
Q

What is dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

A

-damage to basal ganglia, causing lost ability to prevent movements, either dystonia (slow) or chorea (random dance like)

27
Q

What is ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

-damage to cerebellum causes shaky, uncoordinated movements
-this results in a variety of issues including poor balance, pain, abnormal posture, sleep disorders, eating disorders, difficulties in speaking, vision, learning disabilities

28
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

-a birth defect where the tissue in the left and right side of the back doesn’t meet (close), leaving an opening down the middle of the back

29
Q

What is myelomeningocele spina bifida?

A

-spinal cord and meninges Gertrude out of an opening in the spinal vertebrae, held together by a sack of skin out of the back
-open spina bifida is where there is no sack of skin, leaving the nerves exposed
-this can cause loss of sensation, paralysis, bladder and bowel movements, seizures

30
Q

What is meningocele spina bifida?

A

-prenatal spinal deformities only occur in the meninges and not spinal nerves
-least common and no severe symptoms

31
Q

what is spina bifida occult?

A

-spinal cord and tissue don’t protrude, therefore usually have no symptoms, only a hair, dimple or birthmark above lesion sight
-most common and mild form

32
Q

What are the risk factors for spina bifida?

A

-folate deficiency
-obseity
-poorly controlled diabetes
-certain anti-seizure medications

33
Q

How is spina bifida diagnosed and treated?

A

-diagnosed prenatally
-treated with surgery, but additional interventions may be required e.g catheterisation/ crutches

34
Q

What is ADHD?

A

-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
-cause is unknown, but combination of environmental and genetic factors
-low levels of neurotransmitters dopamine and noredinephrine contribute to symptoms of ADHD

35
Q

What are the symptoms of ADHD?

A

-inattentive, careless mistakes, not listening, easily distracted
-hyperactive, impulsive, fidgeting, overly active

36
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

-removing one self from social interaction, communicating both social communication and interaction deficits, and restrictive, repetitive interests or behaviours

37
Q

What is the cause and treatment of ASD?

A

-cause is thought to be genetic, affecting brain development
-treatment is tailored to each child through educational programs and behaviour therapy

Nursing- Biosciences and Pharmacology (28 decks)

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