CNS exam 1 Diagrams Flashcards
1
Q
nervous system significance
A
plays a dominant role in coordination, association & integration of body responses to internal & external demand
2
Q
CNS components
A
brain & spinal cord
3
Q
PNS components
A
- 12 cranial nerve PAIRS
- 31 spinal nerve PAIRS
- ganglia
4
Q
groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS
A
ganglia
5
Q
groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the CNS
A
nuclei
6
Q
outgoing nerve fiber
A
efferent
7
Q
incoming nerve fiber
A
afferent
8
Q
NS part that innervates skeletal, voluntary muscles
- both efferent & afferent NF, w/ ONE cell body
- involves CNS & PNS
- cholinergic
A
somatic component of NS
9
Q
- NS part that innervates glandular epithelium, smooth, & cardiac (visceral/involuntary) muscles
- both CNS & PNS
- efferent (motor) NF receive emphasis
A
autonomic component of NS
10
Q
sympathetic & parasympathetic
-divisions from efferent NFs only
A
autonomic subdivisions
11
Q
- located in both CNS & PNS, craniosacral
- cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
- sacral nerves 2-4
- uses TWO efferent neurons to reach the target
A
ANS: parasympathetic division
12
Q
preganglionic neuron is LONG
- postganglionic neuron is SHORT (usually in target)
- cholinergic system
A
efferent parasympathetic neurons
13
Q
- subdivision of ANS that slows heart rate, speeds peristalsis, constricts the pupil & respiratory tree
- “rest and digest”
A
parasympathetic effects
14
Q
- subdivision of ANS that speeds heart rate, decreases peristalsis, dilates the pupil & respiratory tree
- “fight or flight”
A
sympathetic effects
15
Q
- located in both CNS & PNS, but PNS nerves w/ sympathetic efferent fibers are thoracolumbar
- spinal nerves T1-L2
- uses 2 efferent neurons to reach the target
A
ANS: sympathetic division
16
Q
- preganglioninc is SHORT –>cholinergic
- postganglionic is LONG –>adrenergic (NE)
A
efferent sympathetic neurons
17
Q
- 1:17
- more widespread/general response, very fast
A
pre:post sympathetic ratio
18
Q
- 1:2
- more limited response, but more precise
A
pre:post parasympathetic ratio
19
Q
- structure in second week of embryo development that is split between ectoderm & endoderm
- ectoderm (outer layer) will give rise to the NS
A
bilaminar disc
20
Q
- forebrain, primary brain vesicle
- forms the secondary vesicles telencephalon & diencephalon
A
prosencephalon
21
Q
- midbrain, primary brain vesicle
- forms the secondary vesicle with the same name
A
mesencephalon
22
Q
- hindbrain, primary brain vesicle
- forms the secondary vesicles metencephalon & myelencephalon
A
rhombencephalon
23
Q
secondary brain vesicle that forms the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia & lateral ventricles
A
telencephalon
24
Q
secondary brain vesicle that forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland & 3rd ventricle
A
diencephalon
25
secondary brain vesicle that forms the corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles, & cerebral aqueduct
mesensephalon (secondary)
26
secondary brain vesicle out of the pontine flexure that forms the cerebellum, pons, & 4th ventricle
metencephalon
27
secondary brain vesicle out of the pontine flexure that forms the MO & 4th ventricle, and is continuous w/ the spinal cord
myelencephalon
28
area of multipotent cells in a developing fetus that will give rise to the CNS
neural tube
29
-structure in developing embryo w/ multipotent cells that will give rise to the PNS
neural crest
30
- flexure at the caudal end of an embryo, posterior to the rhombencephalon
- disappears later in development
cervical flexure
31
-flexure at the cranial end of an embryo, anterior to the rhombencephalon & posterior to the mesencephalon
cephalic flexure
32
"pre-neurons"
| -formed from neuroepithelial cells, these immature cells give rise to neurons
neuroblasts
33
10% of body weight & uses 60% O2
brain at birth
34
2-2.5% of body weight & uses 20% O2
brain in adult
35
- non-conductive, ~ undifferentiated "nerve glue" cells, can help guide neurons in development
- 10:1 glio:neuron ratio
- formed from neuroepithelial cells
- immature cells that further differentiate into astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
glioblasts
36
- cell for structural support ~ CT
- stellate shape, most numerous cell in adult CNS
- help the BBB, store glucose, glial-scarring (stroke)
astrocytes
37
astrocyte found in gray matter: unmyelinated
protoplasmic astrocytes
38
astrocyte found in white matter: myelinated
fibrous astrocytes
39
oligodendrocyte in the white matter
| -forms myelin sheaths around most CNS axons (like the Schwann Cells in the PNS)
interfasicular oligodendrocyte
40
- oligodendrocytes in the gray matter
| - possibly play a nutrient role
perineuronal satellites
41
cells lining the central canal/ventricles of CNS that are a "leaky" barrier bt the CSF & CNS parenchyma
-some secrete CSF and form choroid plexus in each ventricle
ependymal cells
42
involved in communication bt the 3rd ventricle & the hypothalamus
tanycytes
43
solid tumor derived from glioblasts, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, in general
glioma
44
tumor that begins in the brain as opposed to being metastasized to it
primary brain tumor
45
- most common primary brain tumor
| - in the astrocytes (most common glial cell)
astrocytoma
46
- mostly lethal primary brain tumor
| - increased risk w/ age, 6 mo life expectancy
glioblastoma
47
- choroid plexus CSF builds up, can't get out
| - increased pressure->hydrocephalus
ependymoma
48
- tiny mesodermally derived glial cells with a phagocytic/scar forming function
- become activated w/ dmg/infected neural tissue
microglia
49
- only disease in which the CNS cells are productively infected
- if they become infected, they spread it to others
- microglia involved bc of immune response
HIV
50
- classification of neurons based on appearance
| - unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
anatomical neuron classification
51
- classification of neurons based on function/position
| - sensory, motor, internuncial
physiological neuron classification
52
- neuron with seemingly one process, but really has both a dendrite & axon closely associated together
- usually involved w/ sensory
(pseudo)unipolar
53
neuron with 2 distinct processes, found in the special sense organs
-equilibrium, sight, smell, taste, etc
bipolar
54
- neuron with multiple dendrites and one axon
- golgi type I: larger/long axons
- golgi type II: smaller/short axons, more numerous
- usually associated w/ motor
multipolar
55
- afferent neuron that gets info from the PNS to the CNS
| - can be uni-, bi-, multi-
sensory neuron
56
- efferent neuron that takes info from the CNS to the PNS, usually to somatic muscle
- are mostly multipolar
motor neuron
57
neurons that are entirely within the CNS structures and have special types depending on where they reach
internuncial neurons
58
internuncial neuron running bt the same thing on opposite sides of the CNS (R - L)
commissural
59
internuncial neuron that begins in one structure and terminates in a different in the CNS
projection
60
type of projection neuron that stays on the same side of the CNS
ipsilateral
61
type of projection neuron that crosses to the opposite side
contralateral
62
- type of projection neuron in the SC that begins and ends at the same cord level
- also contralateral
INTRAsegmental
63
- type of projection neuron in the SC that begins at one cord level and ends at another.
- also ipsilateral
INTERsegmental
64
- cell body, 4-130 micron in diameter
| - takes several shapes: stellate, round, fusiform, oval, pyramidal
perikaryon
65
- axoaxonic: least common
- axodendritic: most common
- axosomatic: soma=cell body
synapse types
66
- most abundant in soma/telodendria
| - used for energy/atp prod, for AP
mitochondria
67
- clumps of RER + free ribosomes and iron deposits
| - found in the dendrites & soma, NOT in the axon or hillock
Nissl bodies
68
- apparent dissolving of Nissl bodies following a neuron injury
- are actually just dispersing, and will reconstitute if the cell survives
chromatolysis
69
fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus under neuronal injury
retispersion
70
largest tubules, maintain cell shape
microtubules
71
smallest tubules, associated w/ axolemma
| -run longitudinally & circumferentially
microfilaments
72
tubules intermediate in size
neurofilaments
73
movement of raw materials within the cell (intraneuronal)
axoplasmic transport
74
- intracellular movement of items like protein for the neurofibrils and mitochondria
- 0.1-3.0 mm/day in the anterograde direction
- slow, so little energy required
- speed is directly related to axon length
slow transport
