CNS Depressants

Question 1

Tranquilizers

Answer 1

Manage psychosis
increase analgestic's potency
 premedication in anesthesia
inc length of sedation 
respiratory and Cardiovascular depression
dec. Responsiveness

1. Phenothiazines
2. Butyrophenones

Question 2

Phenotiazines

Answer 2

Sedation for agressive animals,muscle relaxants (+Ketamime), administered with opiods , NO ANELGESIA
Premedication for anesthesia, poor oral absoroption
*SE: hypotension ,acute diarrhoea+vomiting - NOT IN DEHYDRATED animals
*Eq: paradox reaction - tachycardia, DH, penile prolapse
*Dog: 3rd eyelid prolapse

1. Acepromromazine- antihistamine (+morphine) , prevents halothane hyperthermia, good oral BA, , arrhthymogenic .
2. Chloropromazine- paradox reaction in eq, allergy
3. Proprioprometazine - less SE
4. Prometazine - less potent, anti histamine , anti serotonine

Question 3

Butyrophenones

Answer 3

Some analgestic effect , more potent than Phenotiazines , combined with metomidate

1. Droperidol
2. Haloperidol
3. AZAPERONE - swine
4. Fluanisone

SE: hypotension, respiratory depression, boar oenile prolapse, reduces Halothane-malignant hyperthermia.

Question 4

Hypnosedatives

Answer 4

Hypnotics, sedative, anxiolytic , muscle relaxants, anticonvolusive.

1. Alpha-2 agonists
2. Benzodiazepines
3. Barbiturates

Question 5

Alpha-2 Agonists

Answer 5

SC Analgestic. A1+2 effect GI and muscle relaxants,mydriasis, hyperglycaemia. Can be combined with opiods and premed anesthesia, hypotension, vasoconstriction

1. xylazine - not with heart problems, vomiting, bradycardia, arrhythmia, sweat
2. romfindine- patient can walk
3. detomidine - more potent, NO loss of consciousness
4. Meditomide (Not in eq)

Antidote: Atipamezole (Meditomide) , yohimbine+tolazoline (xylazine)

Question 6

Benzodiazepines

Answer 6

Partial/full Sedation, inhibits GABA-A receptor by binding BZD subunit (a1-g2) , Cl influx and neuron hyperpolarization.
Sedative, anxiolytic , anticonvolusive, muscle relaxants, hypnotic

1. Diazapam: greyhound+cats paradox reaction, short HL in canine ,good oral absoroption, status epilepticus, , premed (+ketamine), delivery
2. Midazolam: NOT in food animals

Antidote: Flumazenil, Sarmazenil

Question 7

Barbiturates

Answer 7

GABA:BZD:BARB complex ( allosteric) , less Ca accumulation, hyperpolarization. Sedation, hypnotic,
*Eq- treats tetanus Dog- anti-epileptic

1. Phenobarbital: long: sedation, short: euthanisia
2. Thiopental: ultrashort- anesthesia

Question 8

Analeptics (CNS stimulants)

Answer 8

1. Doxapram: respiratory stimulants (acute resp. Faliure)
2. Diazapam: status epilepticus
3. Na/K bromide,

Question 9

Pain pharmacology

Answer 9

• Gets the animal into a catabolic state=> stress=>GC
• Respiratory depression
• central(SC)+ peripheral (Injury) sensation- given before *and after surgery
• cortical reorganization (enhancing pain modulation)
• NMDA recptors - ketamine is antaginist

Question 10

Opiods

Answer 10

Analgestic (nociceptive, but dont block the nerve)
Natural (opiode, codaine) synthetic (fentanyl, methadone)
* Mu , kappa , delta receptors.- K influx- hyperpolarization
Euphoria (cats dysphoria) , sedation, Antitussive, antidiarrheal, SC- primary site.

*Mu receptor: respiratory depression (CO 2 sensation)

1. Morphine: histamine release , morphine-glucuronide is more active , causes vomiting
2. Fentanyl - highly lipophilic , transdermal
3. Tramedol: very potent in cat, very weak full agonist, rare SE
4. Remifentanyl: metabolized in blood
5. Buprenophine: partial agonist (higher affinity to mu) ,celling effect , PANCREATITIS,very safe, good in cats, not oral
6. Butorphanol: agonist (k) - antagonist (mu), Antitussive! , No respiratory depression