Antiprotozoal

Question 1

Babesiosis

Answer 1

i. Diamidine-derivates: Imidocarb, Diminazen, Pentamidine, Phenamidine (NOT IV)
ii. Tetracyclines - prevention

1. Diamidine-derivates
   * bind to DNA , interferes replication, folic acid metabolism, RNA and protein synthesis.
   * spectrum: Babesiosis,piroplasmosis,trypanosomaisis,ca hepatozoonosis.
   * long duration of action
   * SE:easy to overdose, CNS signs, liver+kidney damage,emphysema

Question 2

Histomoniasis , Trichomoniasis,Hexamitiasis,Giardiasis

Answer 2

i.N itro imidazoles: Dimetridazole, Metronidazole, Ronidazole
*also good for obligate and facultative anaerobe bacteria
*damage in RNA and DNA synthesis
*Excellent distribution, non toxic in TD ,neurotoxic, carcinogenic
ii. Nitrofurans: Nifursol (cocc,histo) Furazolidone (Giardia,cocc,PO) Nifurtimox (chagas,Nagana)
*also bactericidal (non-flagellated+ mycoplasma)
*SE: CNS, irreversible polyneuropathy, haemorrhagic diathesis, anaemia
iii. organic arsenicals:
Nitarsone, Roxarsone : histo,cocci in turkey and chicken
*swine dysentery treatment+prevention
Overdosing or lack of water -paralysis
* carcinogenic
** ALL of the above are strictly prohibited in food producters (table 2)
iv. BenzimidazolesAlbendazole, Fenbendazole, Febantel : dog+cat giardiosis

Question 3

Leishmaniasis

Answer 3

female phlebotomine sand fly
i.Paromomycin:Aminoglycoside antibiotic , anti-leishmania mechanis, unkown.
*Paromomycin sulphate: intestinal infections (Cryptospor,Amoebiasis)
*Contraindications: previous renal,intestinal obstruction)
*feed additive as histomonas control in turkey
ii.Pentavalent: Sodium stibogluconate,Meglumine antimoniate (+allopurinol)
iii.Amphotericin B:
*anti-mycoses,crypto,histo
*crosses BBB , higihly nephrotoxic , only in life threatening cases!
iv. Miltefosine: anti microbial, PO, penetrates BBB , teratogenic, vomiting
(+marbofloxacin+/or allopurinol)

Question 4

Trypanosomiasis

Answer 4

1. i.Aminof enantridinium derivate: Homidium bromide and chloride (eq.bo)
   *water soluble, T. congolense, vivax .
   *highly irratant-> must be deep IM
   *transient liver toxicity
   ii. Isometamidium (eq.bo) *highlly tissue irritant- tissue necrosis , slow absorption , good prophylactic.
2. i.Quinapyramine compounds: Quinapyramine chloride and sulphate: (eq,bo,ru)
   T. congolense, T. evansi, T. vivax, T. equiperdum (brucei), both prophylaxis+treatment
   tissue irritant
   *SE:tremor, sweating, salivation, pulse and hyperventilation
   ii. Complex aromatic
   compound: Suramin
   *low water solubility
   *Inhibits Trypanosoma’s enzymes
   *T. evansi, horse, cattle, dog (+Homidium )
   iii.Diamidines: Diminazen aceturate and Pentamidine.
   *glucose uptake, DNA impairment
   *Trypanocidal ,Babesicidal and bactericidal
   *SE:CNS, liver and kidney damage