Antibiotics drug names

Question 1

Penicillins

Answer 1

1. Narrowed spectrum (G+ , G- fastidious): Benzylpenicillin- Na/K/Procaine/Benzathine (parenteral, anthrax) ,Phenoxymethyl-penicillin (PO) Penethamate (mastitis )
   2.Penicillinase stable penicillins (G+ , including B-lactamase producers, staph+strep): Methicillin (Acid sensitive:) Oxacillin (mastitis), Cloxacillin, Dichloxacillin, Flucloxacillin.
2. Broad spectrum penicillins (G+,G-, NOT pseudomonas): Amoxicillin (+Clavulanic acid) , Ampicillin (+Sulbactam) *+ Na/trihydrate salts: +enterobacteria, proteus, anaerobic
3. Penicillins acting against Pseudomonas spp.:
   Piperacillin +(tazobactam), Ticarcillin (+Calvulanic acid)

Question 2

Cephalosporins

Answer 2

• 1st gen: 1st choice dermatitis i. Cefazolin Cefapirin Cefacetril
  ii. Cefalexin Cefadroxil (PO)
• 2nd gen: i. Cefuroxim. ii. Cefuroximaxetil (prodrug of Cefuroxim, PO)
• 3rd gen: i. Ceftiofur (LA, GI , resp) Cefovecin (SA, 2W,UTI, anaerobic) Cefotaxim (BBB). ii. (Cefixim) - PO iii. Ceftazidim Cefoperazon (pseudomonas)
• 4th gen: Cefquinom (LA) Cefepim (not mycoplasma)

Question 3

Aminoglycosides

Answer 3

(G- Aerobic, mycobacterium)

1. (dihydro) Streptomycin (+penicillin) - not effective
2. Neomycin (most toxic)
3. Gentamycin (P)
4. Spectinomycin: BACTERIOSTATIC
5. Apramycin (su)
6. Tobramycin: toxic,SA
7. Amikacin: least toxic (+B-lactams) , last resort ab (P) , MRSA

Question 4

Tetracyclines

Answer 4

(G+,G-, areobic , anaerobic , NOT psuedomonas+mycobacterium) - NOT IN Eq!!!!!

• Borrelia , Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia
• 1st in respiratory and lyme
  1. Short acting (classic) 6-8h: Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline
  2. Intermediate acting 12h: Demeclocycline
  3. Long acting >16h: Doxycycline (safe for both kidney and liver patients!), Minocycline, Tigecycline

Question 5

Monobactam

Answer 5

(G- , Pseudomonas) , life threathing situations, 1st in UTI

Aztreonam , Tigemonam

Question 6

Carbapenems

Answer 6

ALL BACTERIA (NOT mycoplasma or MRSA) , last resort Ab
Imipenem , Meropenem, Cilastatin

Question 7

Macrolides

Answer 7

(G+ , mycoplasma- resp +rhodoccocus) penicillin alternative

1. Tylosin: food animals , NOT in monogastric herbivores
2. Tylvalosin : su
3. Spiramycin - 1st oral cavity!
4. Tilmicosin (cardiotoxic) - only vet
5. Azithromycin
6. Tulathromycin
7. Clarithromycin (with food)
8. Tildipirosin

Question 8

Lincosamides

Answer 8

(G+, anaerobic,NOT fastedious, NOT for Eq!!!! MOST severe dysbacteriosis, 1st oestomyelitis. with spectinoymcin -> mycoplasma+G-)

1. Lincomycin: Su, ru
2. Clindamycin: SA
3. Spectinomycin + Lincomycin: Ru (mycoplasma)

Question 9

Pleuromutilins

Answer 9

(mostly su , spectrum as macrolides) - SWINE DYSENTERY!

Tiamulin, Valnemulin : Very expensive

Question 10

Phenicols

Answer 10

Gr +/-, anaerobic/aerobic (NOT pseudomonas), Fish bacteria: Aeromonas salmonicida , BEST phamracokinetics

1. Florfenicol (best) , 1st LA resp
2. Chloramphenicol: hu- KC, not in food producing (anaemia, protective gloves!)
3. Thiamphenicol (poultry+fish)

Question 11

MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS

Answer 11

1. polypeptides (conc. dep):
   i,Polymyxin (cationic detergents, hydrophilic, G- bacilli +enteric bacteria :Polymyxin B (histamine releaser, anti-endotoxin effect) polymyxin E (colistin) ,Colistimethate. parenteral, life threathening
   ii. Bacitracin-Zn (Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis .[C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate] conc, dep, G+ and haemophilus, only LOCAL)
   iii.Mupirocin (Bactroban®) - s. auerus topical , (bacteriostatic->bacteriocidal , Reversibly inhibits the isoleucyl tRNA synthetase)
   2.Rifampicin (G+, TB , meningitis prophylaxis, bacteriocidal IC+EC, inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, CSF )

Question 12

Glycopeptides

Answer 12

(G+ , G- [only cocci] , inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis) , mostly hu MRSA/P , LAST RESORT (e,g: skin infections)

• 1st gen: Vancomycin (antibiotic-associated enterocolitis - Clostridium, VRSA) + Teicoplanin (MRSA),Ramoplanin
• 2nd gen: Oritavancin, Dalbavancin, Telavancin (last resort against staph+strep)

Question 13

Sulphonamides

Answer 13

*Bacteriostatic , only in combo with diaminopyramidines (becomes bacteriocidal)
*compete with PABA for the enzyme dihydropteroate
synthetase
*G+, G- , aerobic, some anaerobes, toxoplasma (NOT pseudomonas, mycoplasma+bacterium)
*Short-intermediate systemic:
1. Sulfadimidine (conjuctivitis)
2.Sulfadiazine
3.Sulfamethoxazole
4.Sulfachlorpyridazine
5.Sulfadoxine
6.Sulfadiazine
7.Sulfamethoxasole
8.Sulfaquinoxaline
9.Sulfachlorpyrazine
10.Sulfasalazine (Salazopyrin) IBD
* Long acting systemic: Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxypyrazine
*Local: Sulfacetamide
Mafenide,
Silver sulfadiazine,
Sulfathiazine (Ab+salicylic acid in colon),Sulfaguanidine
(„Intestinal
disinfectant”)

Question 14

Diaminopyrimidines

Answer 14

• only in combination with sulphonamides (becomes bacteriocidal) = Potentiated sulphonamides
• Inhibit THF synthesis from DHF by combining with the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.
  1. Short acting: Trimethoprim Diaveridine Poromethapim Ormetoprim
  2. Long acting: Aditoprim , Baquiloprim

Question 15

Potentiated sulphonamides - combinations

Answer 15

• bacteriocidal, NOT anaerobes , NOT pseudomonas, mycoplasma/bacterium
  1. Trimethoprim + Sulfadimidin/Sulfadiazine/Sulfamethoxazol/Sulfachlorpyridazin
  2. Ormetoprim/ Baquiloprim +Sulfadimethoxin