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A-Level Biology > Cloning and Biotech > Flashcards

Cloning and Biotech Flashcards

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1
Q

What does penicillin need (FUNGUS)

A

High oxygen levels and rich nutrient medium

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2
Q

What is the mould penicillin sensitive to?

A

pH and temperature

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3
Q

First stage of penicillin production

A

Fungus grows

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4
Q

Second stage of penicillin production

A

Produces penicillin and is then extracted and purified

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5
Q

Process penicillin and reasons?

A

Small fermenters to maintain high levels of oxygenation
Continuously stirred to keep it oxygenated
Buffer solution
Bioreactors are maintained at about 25-27

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6
Q

Problems with animal insulin

A

Allergies
Supply erratic - demand for meat
Peak activity made was way later after injection - hard to predict
Faith groups no pig products

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7
Q

GM insulin now

A

Constant supply of pure insulin from downstream processing and bacteria grown in a fermenter

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8
Q

Natural bioremediation

A

Oil spill/sewage - microbial growth naturally breaks down organic material producing carbon dioxide and water

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9
Q

GM organism bioremediation

A

GM bacteria that can break down or accumulate contaminants which they would not encounter - remove mercury contamination from water

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10
Q

Risks whenever culturing

A

Mutation making a pathogenic strain
Contamination from pathogens in environment

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11
Q

Liquid form

A

Broth

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12
Q

Solid form

A

Agar

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13
Q

Inoculation

A

Process of adding bacteria/microorganism to agar/broth

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14
Q

Inoculating broth

A

Suspension of bacteria mixed with sterile nutrient
Stopper the flask with cotton wool to prevent contamination from air
Incubate and shake regularly to aerate and provide oxygen for bacterial growth

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15
Q

Inoculating agar

A

Wire (nichrome) - sterilised by holding in flame
Dip loop in bacterial suspension and make zig zag streaks
Replace lid of Petri dish - not sealed completely so oxygen can come in and prevent anaerobic growth of bacteria

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16
Q

Bacterial growth formula

A

N = No * 2^n
n is number of generations (divisions)

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17
Q

Lag phase

A

Synthesising enzymes - birth = death - acclimatising

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18
Q

Log phase

A

Rate is not limited - exponential no limiting factors

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19
Q

Stationary phase

A

Death = birth

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20
Q

Decline

A

Toxic build up of metabolic waste products
Nutrients limited/run out

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21
Q

Limiting factors with bacteria

A

Nutrients available
Oxygen levels
Temperature - denature enzymes
Build up of waste - build up of toxic material inhibit further growth and poisons/kills culture
Change in ph - carbon dioxide produces increases ph falls - enzyme activity

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22
Q

When do you want as much microorganisms as possible

A

For example with Quorn

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23
Q

Primary metabolites

A

Substances are wanted which are formed as an essential part of normal functioning - ETHANOL as a product of anaerobic respiration

24
Q

Secondary metabolites

A

Substances which are not essential for normal growth but are still used by the cells - penicillin and other antibiotics

25
Q

When are primary metabolites formed

A

During active growth - log phase

26
Q

When are secondary metabolites formed

A

Stationary phase

27
Q

Batch fermentation

A

Microorganisms inoculated into fixed volume of medium and nutrients are used up - biomass and waste products build up
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Culture reaches stationary phase - forms end products now (antibiotics/enzymes)
End products are harvested and whole system is cleaned/sterilised with new batch culture set up

28
Q

Continuous culture

A

Inoculated and sterile nutrient medium added continuously once reaches exponential point of growth
BROTH IS CONTINUALLY REMOVED - MEDIUM, WASTE PRODUCTS, MICROORGANISMS AND PRODUCT - PRIMARY METABOLITES
CULTURE VOLUME REMAINS CONSTANT IN BIOREACTOR

29
Q

Quorn uses

A

Continuous culture

30
Q

Continuous reactors

A

Produce a mixture of unused broth/microorganisms/primary metabolites and possible secondary ones and waste products - downstream processing is very difficult and expensive here

31
Q

Temperature in bioreactor

A

If temp too low then microorganisms will not grow quickly enough
If temp too high then denature
Negative feedback heating/cooling system to maintain optimum conditions

32
Q

Nutrients and oxygen

A

Oxygen and nutrient medium can be added in controlled amounts to the broth when probes indicate they are dropping

33
Q

Mixing?

A

Simple diffusion is not enough to ensure all microorganism receive food/oxygen - stirred continuously

34
Q

Asepsis

A

Most bioreactors are sealed to prevent contamination from air

35
Q

Steam inlet

A

Sterilising

36
Q

Gas exhaust outlet

A

Prevent pressure building up

37
Q

Cooling water inlet

A

Cooling water through outer jacket maintains temperature at an optimum

38
Q

Filtered air inlet

A

Needs oxygen to respire aerobically

39
Q

Which one has a fixed volume of medium

A

Batch

40
Q

Advantage of batch

A

Chance of contamination is minimum because it is closed and can be easily separated

41
Q

Which culture lasts longer

A

Continuous culture

42
Q

Which one is easier to control and growth stops when nutrients are used up

A

Batch

43
Q

Which one is very costly when contaminated and uses smaller vessels

A

Continous

44
Q

Metabolites produced during log phase

A

Primary metabolites - involved in supporting growth of microorganisms and help them reproduce
Enzymes/nucleotides

45
Q

Metabolites produced during stationary phase

A

CURVE UPWARDS AT THE START OF STATIONARY PHASE
Secondary metabolites - not involved in growth and reproduction - advantages of microorganisms
Antibiotics/toxins (defence mechanism)

46
Q

Primary metabolites

A

produced in large quantities

47
Q

Secondary metabolites

A

Produced in small quantities

48
Q

Why is bag placed on during vegetative propagation

A

Reduces transpiration

49
Q

Why cut between nodes during vegetative propagation

A

This is the area that will produce the roots

50
Q

Dolly the sheep

A

THE EMBRYOOOOOO WAS IMPLANTED BACK INTO SURROGATE MOTHER

51
Q

Correlation

A

Does not imply causation

52
Q

Control variables for SCNT

A

Age of surrogate/health of surrogate
Age of embryo
Age of nucleus donor/egg donor

53
Q

Advantage of microorganisms extra

A

Low cost - require low temperatures/pressure
Better for the environment since no pollution/land being used to grow food

54
Q

Holding lid of Petri dish

A

Prevents contamination from air

55
Q

Bacterial growth at 35 degrees

A

Could encourage growth of human pathogens

56
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A

Less easily denatured

57
Q

Immobilised enzymes downsides

A

Fewer active sites exposed
Higher initial start up

A-Level Biology (37 decks)

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