Chapter 10 Classification

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

Process by which living organisms are put into groups with each group sharing similar features

Question 2

7 taxonomic groups

Answer 2

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 3

Kingdom

Answer 3

Biggest and broadest group

Question 4

Species

Answer 4

Smallest and most specific classification

Question 5

Domain?

Answer 5

Recently, scientific evidence points to a further level of classification called the domain (at the top of hierarchy) ; new genetic discoveries will lead to the system changing over time

Question 6

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 6

1) To identify species clearly and so this can be communicated around the world
2) To predict characterises - if several members in a group have a specific characteristic it is likely that another species will have the same characteristic
3) To find evolutionary links (species in same group evolved from same ancestor)

Question 7

Scientists can…

Answer 7

SHARE their research using classification system

Question 8

3 domains

Answer 8

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 9

Discuss what happens as you move down taxonomic levels

Answer 9

MORE AND MORE SPECIFIC
THEREFOR THERE ARE MORE GROUPS AT EACH LEVEL
WITH LESS ORGANISMS WITHIN EACH GROUP
THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE SIMILAR AND SHARE MORE CHATACTERTSICS TO A POINT IT BECOMES 1 ORGANISM/GROUP IN SPECIES

Question 10

What is a species?

Answer 10

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring (donkeys with other donkeys to produce fertile offspring) but horses cannot breed with a donkey (therefore mules are a different species as they are infertile)

Question 11

What does it mean if they are infertile?

Answer 11

Odd number of chromosomes therefore meiosis and gamete production (haploid) cannot take place correctly

Question 12

Difference between viable and fertile?

Answer 12

Viable means the organism produce can survive

Question 13

What is the common name?

Answer 13

Pre classification - names given based on physical charactertics (blackbird)

Question 14

Why are common names not useful?

Answer 14

As organisms may have more than one common name in different languages (cannot communicate effectively) - this does not provide information on relationships between organisms
Unable to find out if they have all evolved from a common ancestor because you cannot deduce this from their observable common names

Question 15

Who invented the binomial nomenclature?

Answer 15

Carl Linnaeus in 18th century

Question 16

Describe binomial nomenclature

Answer 16

First word is genus (generic name - shared by close relatives)
Second word is species (specific)
No two species have the same genus and species ; they could have a different genus or species but not either
Write it underlined with lowercase letters and first uppercase

Question 17

Original classifcation?

Answer 17

Just two kingdoms - animals and plants ; animals were eveyry thing that moved, ate and grew to a certain size and plants were everything that did not move or eat snd that growed throughout life

Question 18

What triggered more kingdoms?

Answer 18

Introduction of microscope in 16th/17th century enabled scientists to study the cells of an organism and showed rhat bacgeria have a very diffefent cell structure to other organisms - from 1960s 5 kingdom classification INTRODUCED BY ROBERT WHITTAKER

Question 19

5 kingdoms?

Answer 19

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctisra (unicellular eukaryotes)
Fungi (yeasts/mushrooms)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

Question 20

Features of prokaryotae?

Answer 20

Unicellular with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles + no visible feeding mechanism (nutrients absorbed through cell wall)

Question 21

Protoctista (Amoeba)

Answer 21

Unicelkular (mainly) with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles + some have chlorpplasts
Some sessile but others move by flagella/culia
Autotrophic/heterotrophic/both (or parasitic)

Question 22

Autotrophic feeders

Answer 22

Mutriest acquired via photosynthesis

Question 23

Heterotrophic feeders?

Answer 23

Nutrienst are acquired by ingestion of other organisms

Question 24

Fungi (mushroom, yeast and moulds)

Answer 24

Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound/cell wall made of chitin
No chloroplasts (not autotrophic)
No mechanisms for locomotion
Body made of threads/hyphae
Nutrients aquired by ABSORPTION OF DECAYING MATERIALS - SAPROPHYTIC FEEDERS (some are parasitic)
Store food as glycogen

Question 25

Parasites?

Answer 25

Fungi

Protocista

Question 26

Plantae

Answer 26

Multicellular
Autotrophic with chloroplasts
Cell wall of cellulose
Contain chlrophyll
Do not move (although some move using cilia)
Food store as starch

Question 27

Animalia

Answer 27

Multicellular
Nucleus with no cell wall
No chloroplasts
Move with cilia, flagella and comtractile proteins
Heterotrophic
Glycogem food store