Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level Biology > 5.1.5 Animal Responses > Flashcards

5.1.5 Animal Responses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Brain protection

A

Skull and also surrounded by protective membranes called meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 main areas of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls voluntary actions such as learning memory personality and conscious thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls unconscious functions such as posture, balance and non-voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Used in autonomic control for controlling heart rate and breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Stores and releases hormones that regulate many body functions - master gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does cerebellum look like?

A

Leaf at the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does medulla Oblongata look like?

A

Area at the base of the brain in front of cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

Next to each other in the centre of the brain - looks a bit like an earlobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cerebrum

A

Main grey matter at the top of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cerebrum properties?

A

Highly convoluted which increases its surface area considerable and thus its capacity for complex activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the cerebrum split?

A

Left and right halves known as cerebral hemispheres - each one controls one half of the body and has discrete areas which perform specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the most sophisticated processes occur?

A

Frontal/prefrontal lobe of cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are association areas?

A

Parts of the brain to which neurones are passed on to - size of sensory area is proportional to relative number of receptor cells present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the base of the brain?

A

Impulses from each side of the body cross and the hemispheres receive impulses from the opposite side of the body - input from the eyes - thus able to judge distance and perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Control of muscular movement and balance ; coordinates movement - receives information from the organs of balance in the ears and information about the tone of muscles and tendons - relays this info to the areas of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulatory centres of the autonomic nervous system - control reflex activities such as ventilation and heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main controlling region for the autonomic nervous system - one parasympathetic and one sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Controlling sleeping/aggression/feeding
Monitoring composition of blood plasma (water and glucose)
Produces hormones - endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary - produces hormones like FSH
Posterior pituitary - stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus like ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reflex action

A

Involuntary response to a sensory stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reflex arc sequence

A

Receptor - detects stimulus and creates action potential in sensory neurone
Sensory neurone - carries impulse to spinal cord
Relay neurone - connects sensory neurone to the motor neurone within spinal cord/brain
Motor neurone - carries impulse to the effector to carry out the appropriate response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of neurones pass impulses across the spinal cord

A

Relay neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Spinal reflex - only goes up to the spinal cord not the brain ; when leg is tapped just below the patella it stretches the patellar tendon and acts as a stimulus - initiates a reflex arc that causes extensor muscle on thigh to contract
Relay neurone inhibits the motor neurone of the flexor muscle causing it to relax - this contraction coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring causes the leg to kick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blinking reflex

A

When cornea is stimulated - also occurs when loud sounds/bright light is seen ; it is an optical reflex while the blinking reflex is a cranial reflex - occurs in the brain, not the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When the cornea is irritated?

A

Stimulus triggers an impulse along a sensory neurone (5th cranial nerve) - impulse then passes through a relay neurone and they are then sent along branches of the motor neurone (7th cranial nerve) to initiate a motor response to close the eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of response does the blinking reflex produce?

A

Consensual response - both eyes are closed in response to the stimulus

29
Q

When do doctors test for the blinking reflex?

A

When examining unconscious patients - if reflex is present it indicates the lower brain stem is functioning, this procedure is therefore used as part of an assessment to determine whether or not a patient is brain-dead

30
Q

If corneal reflex is present

A

Cannot be described as brain dead

31
Q

Reflexes are essential for survival?

A

Avoid being harmed/reduce severity of any damage - iris contracts the pupil in bright light to prevent damage to the retina and the reverse occurs in dim light to see as much as possible

32
Q

How do reflexes increase chances of survival?

A

By being involuntary responses - decision making regions are not involved thus able to deal with more complex responses and prevents the brain from being overloaded
Not having to be learnt - present at birth
Extremely fast - reflex arc is very short - only involves one or two synapses
Reflexes are what we would consider everyday actions such as those which keep us upright

33
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Involuntary

34
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Make up the bulk of the body muscle tissue - cells responsible for movement

35
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only found in the heart and myogenic - contract without the need for nervous stimulus

36
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Smooth muscle - involuntary muscle cells are found in many parts of the body like the stomach/bladder - walls of blood vessels/digestive tract for peristalsis

37
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MUSCLES

A

LOOK AT TYPES OF MUSCLES

38
Q

Muscle fibres

A

Type of skeletal muscle

39
Q

Muscle fibres structure

A

Enclosed within a plasma membrane known as the sarcolemma - muscle fibres contain a number of nuclei and are much longer than normal cells

40
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Formed from many embryonic muscle cells fusing together - makes the muscle stronger as the junction between adjacent cells would act as a point of weakness

41
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of a fibre

42
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasmid membrane around the fibres

43
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm shared within fibres - ions to move around

44
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum within sarcomere ; gets depolarised and release calcium ions

45
Q

Myofibril

A

Long cylindrical organelles that bring about muscular contraction ; actin + myosin

46
Q

Darker bands

A

Myosin - actin distributed around the rest

47
Q

Packs of myofibrils

A
48
Q

Z lines

A

Separates myosin - SARCOMERE IS BETWEEN TWO Z LINES ; ONE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

49
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Many myofibrils with sarcolemma around it containing sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum within each one

50
Q

Actin

A

Thinner filament

51
Q

What do we look at muscles through

A

Electron microscope or x ray diffraction

52
Q

Overlaps?

A

Anything that doesn’t have an overlap is light band (anything with myosin is dark)

53
Q

H zone

A

Between two actin filaments (within myosin)

54
Q

What happens in muscle contraction

A

The dark band stays the same and the light band contracts

55
Q

Actin molecule describe

A

Tropomyosin wrapped around it held in place by troop in which binds to Ca2+ ions which always leads to a conformational change ; leads to movement etc
They have dents which are called the actin myosin binding sites

56
Q

Myosin structure describe

A

Much thicker
Has several myosin tails with a myosin head at the end ; contains ADP at its resting state - also contains an ATPase component which can hydrolyse ATP to ADP +pi
Can forms cross bridges with actin (binding sites)

57
Q

Mechanism of sliding filament model

A

Stimulation
Attachment
Detachment

58
Q

Stimulation

A

Action potential arrives and depolarises sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum - opens ca2+ ions released from the reticulum into sarcoplasm which can bind to troponin

59
Q

What does binding do?

A

Conformational change - pulls tropomyosin and exposes actin myosin binding sites

60
Q

Attachment

A

Myosin head binds to actin myosin binding site forming cross bridges - myosin filament flexes and pulls actin along AND RELEASES ADP FROM MYOSIN HEAD

61
Q

Detachment

A

ATP can now bind to myosin head (since ADP gone) and this causes it to detach from binding site
Calcium ion binds to myosin head activating ATPase which hydrolysis ATP into ADP giving it energy to return back to original position

62
Q

Where is energy used

A

IN RETURNING MYOSIN HEAD BACK TO ORIGINAL POSITION

63
Q

What happens at the end

A

Now allowed to bind to NEXT binding site and whole process repeats itself

64
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Bands of actin myosin
Multinucleated
Cylindrical cells

65
Q

Smooth muscle structure

A

Non-striated
Uninucleated

66
Q

Cardiac muscle cellular structure

A

Branched cells - uninucleated - STRIATED

67
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Move bones/skeleton/joints

68
Q

Smooth muscle function

A

Pupil size
Controlling diameter of arteries/arterioles/bronchi
Peristalsis

69
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

Pump blood

A-Level Biology (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions