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Principles of Infectious Diseases > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of clinical diagnostics (3)

A

Guide care of patients
Determine appropiate treatments for infections
Determine the risk of infectious organism transmission to other patients, the clinic, or public

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2
Q

Specimen collection can be

A

Blood, tissues, scraps, swabs, impression, translucidate, exudate, urine, misc fluids, feces, vomitus/sputum

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3
Q

Factors that determine what to collect

A

Clinical symptoms (type of infection and location)
Duration of infection
Diagnostic tests to be performed

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4
Q

What is the 1st step for accurate diagnostic testing

A

Proper specimen collection

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5
Q

Common specimen for bacterial infection in cats and dogs

A 
From skin
Ear swabs
Urine
Wound swabs and fluids
Blood
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6
Q

Common specimen for bacterial infection in horses

A

Nasal swabs and fluids

Wound swabs and fluids

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7
Q

Common specimens for bacterial infection in food production animals

A

Post mordem tissue organ

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8
Q

What are the common specimens for detection of parasite infection

A 
Feces
Vomit
Sputum
Blood
Muscle biopsy
Skin scrap
Urine, etc
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9
Q

Specimen collection depends upon additional factors such as

A

Host, parasite,stage or parasite in its life cycle, clinical symptoms

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10
Q

When is the best time to collect specimen

A

Before treatment

During acute state of disease for pathogen detection

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11
Q

How to collect specimens

A

Using aseptic techniques to avoid contamination of sample or clinic
Collect speciments that will be specific to the pathogen causing disease
Be patient and calm
Use collection techniques that limit the contamination flora from normal flora

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12
Q

Correct handling and transport depends on (3)

A

Pathogen type
Specimen type
Diagnostic test performed

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13
Q

Hadling and transport considerations (3)

A

Temperature
Moisture
Additive to preserve specimen and reduce contaminant growth

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14
Q

Phenotypic examinations

A

Microscopic examination

Culture /biochem tests for growth and to isolate pathogens

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15
Q

Immunochemical methods

A

Binding of specific antibodies and pathogens

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16
Q

Molecular diagnostics

A

Identification or markers in the genome or proteome

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17
Q

Concentration techniques

A

Increase concentration of pathogen material increases likelihood of pathogen ID
Very common for parasite diagnostic

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18
Q

Microscopic examination of phenotypic method

A

To see cell morphology
CANT SEE VIRUSES but can get info from them
Use staining to enhance visualization and analysis of tissues and cells
Staining techniques

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19
Q

Staining techniques

A

Simple or differential

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20
Q

Simple stain

A

1 dye
Identify morphology
Cellular arrangement

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21
Q

Differential stain

A

More than one dye

Can distinguish between different types of cells and structures in addition to morphology and cellular arrangement

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22
Q

Common tissue stain

A

Identify a wide range of normal and abnormal cells and tissues
Can identify bcteria, fungi, parasites and viral infection

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23
Q

Hematoxylin (basic stain)

A

Stains acidic or negatively charged components (nuclear components)
Chromatin and nuclei
COLOR PURPLE

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24
Q

Eosin (acidic stain)

A

Stains basic or positively charged components, i.e. Positively charged components and granules, EC components
)elastic fibers, muscle, RBC)
COLOR RED/PINK

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25
Acis fats stain
To stainorganisms with impenetrable cell wall | Mycobacterium and cryptosporidium
26
Capsule stain
Negative staining technique
27
Endospore stain
Spores are dyed by heating malachite green dye
28
Flagella stain
Flagella re thickened with mordant to make thick enough to see by staining
29
Fungal stains
Gomori methenamine silver, periodic acid shiff
30
Parasite stains
They can also be seen without stains | Leishman stain and trichrome stain
31
T or F | Parasites can only be seen with leishman stain and trichrome stain
False | They can be seen without stains
32
Advantages of micro examination (4)
Determine cell/tissue morphology Cellular association of bacteria, parasite, fungi Morphology Provides an impresson of the disease stage or severity Immediate analysis
33
Disadvantages of micro examination
Mild/chronic infection may not be readily detection | Not all specimens can be used for diagnosis of some bacterial infections
34
Cultured methods of pathogens are only used for
Diagnosis of bacterial or fungal infection | Viruses and parasite grow poorly in cultures
35
T or F | Different bacteria will still grow in the same environment as others and have same nutritional requirements to survive
FALSE
36
Fastodious bacteria require
Specific nutrients and culture conditions
37
Nutrient media
Important for general growth
38
Slective media
Important for growth of your suspected pathogen type
39
Differential media
Most are selective media and helpfull in bacterial ID
40
Enrichment broth
Increase number of a specific bacterial type and inhibit growth of others
41
Biochemical testing
Helpfull in poathogen ID | Enzymes and fermentation
42
Basic nutrient media (3)
``` Trypticase soy agas (TSA) Luria bertani (LB) agar Mueller-hinton (MH) agar ```
43
Enriched nutrient agar media (4)
Blood agar Brain heart infusion agar Chocolate agar Lysed-blood agar
44
Aerobic bacteria
Need O
45
Anaerobic bacteria
No O present in environment
46
Capnophites
Need CO2
47
Slective media for gram positive bacteria
Phenylethyl alcohol agar.
48
Slective media for fungi
Saboraud dextrose agar (SabDex) has low pH
49
Selective media for gram negative
Eosin methylene blue. Agar (EMB)
50
Columbia CNA agar contains
Colistin and Nalidixic acid for gram positive selection
51
Differential media
Helps determine bacterias identity Blood agar MacConkey agar (gram neg and lactose fermentation) Mannitol salt agar (gram pos, mannitol fermentation) CLED agar
52
What is CLED
Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient | For unrinary bacteriology
53
Phenotypic methods of biochemical tests onm bacterial ID (3)
Enzyme production Carbon source usage Carbohydrate fementation
54
Enzyme production (4)
Catalase Coagulase Urease Indole
55
Catalase
Breaks down hydrogen peroxidase
56
Coagulase
Causes fibrin in blood to clot
57
Urease
Hydrolyses urea
58
What is the carbon source usage
CIITRATE
59
Urine paddles
Provide semi-quantity colony count | Presumptive ID of many common uropathogens
60
Sides of urine paddle (2)
One is selective EMB media for gram negative | Other is non selective CLED media
61
At what temperature to you incubate an urine paddle and how long
37 celcius | 18-24 hours
62
FlexCULT Vet UT gives what information about bacteria
Susceptibility information
63
What is an important tests for effective treatment of bacterial infections
Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST)
64
Immunochemical tests detect
Pathogen specific antibodies or antigens
65
What is an antigen
Molecule that can trigger a host immune response
66
Antigens from pathogens can be (3)
The whole pathogen itself (only small part of surface is the antigen) A molecule produced by pathogen Pathogen molecules tat are presented on the surface of host cell
67
Immunochemical test exploits the principles of pathogen specific immune response to
Detect and ID pathogens
68
Common speciments for antibodies
IgG | IgM
69
IgG
Blood (common) | Tissue fluids
70
IgM
Blood
71
Indicators of active/recent infection (3)
Pathogen detection Present or recent clinical symptoms of infection Amount of titre of antibodies
72
T or F | Abscence of antibody detection may not mean abscence of pathogen
True | Specimen may have been taken before host pathogen specific antibody production
73
What does ELISA stands for
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
74
ELISA is
Specific antigen or antibody detection
75
ELISA characteristics
Detects immune response to virus, baceria, fngi or parasite IS makes unique antibodies for each pathogen encountered High sensitivity and specificity Quantitative: amount of antigen or antibody present
76
T or F | ELISA is qualitative
False | Quantitative
77
What is an conjugate antibody
Antibody attached with indicator (e.g. Enzyme)
78
What is the Fc on the antibody What is the variable region
FC is the constant region specific for each animal (top part) Variable region is specific for antigen
79
What test can be a variation of lateral flow immunochromatic assay?
INDEXX SNAP test
80
INDEXX SNAP test detects
Antigen or antibody from species
81
Can the SNAP test be used for viruses?
Yes | Can be used for bacteria, virus and parasites
82
Immunofluorescence and immunochemistry can detect
Antigen in species
83
What does the agglutination test detect
Immune response to virus, parasites, bacteria or fungi
84
Advantages of immunochemistry tests (4)
ID pathogen when pathogen cannot be cultured Most have high sensitivity Most have high specificicty Mid to high volume testing possible
85
Disadvantages of immunochemistry tests
Detection of antibody may not indicate an active infection | Antibody detection from specimen very early in infection may not be detected
86
What are identification of markers in the genome or proteome (3)
Techniques or test that determine pathogen ID by characteristic genetic or protein material Uses pathogen specific genetic sequences to ID pathogen Can use pathogen specific protein profile to ID pathogen
87
MALDI TOF identifies what and how
Bacteria | Mass spectrum
88
What does MALDI TOF detect
Protein pieces of pathogen by their mass and charge
89
Identification markers in genome
Uses pathogen specific genetic sequences to. ID pathogen MULTIPLEX PCR or Microarrays Real time PCR
90
MULTIPLEX detects
Nucleic acid from multiplw viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasite species in a single sample
91
Real time PCR is
Quantitive for pathogen
92
Advantages of molecular diagnostics (4)
Faster than cultured methods Nucleic acid base techniques are highly sensitive Accurate High volume testing posible
93
Disadvantages of molecular diagnostics (3)
Expensive Yes or no answer Posible false negatives or positives
94
T or F | Viruses and parasites testing include MALDI TOF and culture based testig
FALSE
95
What is a false positive
Diagnostic test is positive for a pathogen or pathogen specific antibodies but patient is NOT infected with pathogen
96
What is a false negative
Test is negative for pathogen or pathogen specific antibody but patient is infected with that pathogen

Principles of Infectious Diseases (12 decks)

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