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Principles of Infectious Diseases > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of clinical diagnostics (3)

A

Guide care of patients
Determine appropiate treatments for infections
Determine the risk of infectious organism transmission to other patients, the clinic, or public

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2
Q

Specimen collection can be

A

Blood, tissues, scraps, swabs, impression, translucidate, exudate, urine, misc fluids, feces, vomitus/sputum

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3
Q

Factors that determine what to collect

A

Clinical symptoms (type of infection and location)
Duration of infection
Diagnostic tests to be performed

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4
Q

What is the 1st step for accurate diagnostic testing

A

Proper specimen collection

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5
Q

Common specimen for bacterial infection in cats and dogs

A 
From skin
Ear swabs
Urine
Wound swabs and fluids
Blood
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6
Q

Common specimen for bacterial infection in horses

A

Nasal swabs and fluids

Wound swabs and fluids

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7
Q

Common specimens for bacterial infection in food production animals

A

Post mordem tissue organ

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8
Q

What are the common specimens for detection of parasite infection

A 
Feces
Vomit
Sputum
Blood
Muscle biopsy
Skin scrap
Urine, etc
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9
Q

Specimen collection depends upon additional factors such as

A

Host, parasite,stage or parasite in its life cycle, clinical symptoms

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10
Q

When is the best time to collect specimen

A

Before treatment

During acute state of disease for pathogen detection

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11
Q

How to collect specimens

A

Using aseptic techniques to avoid contamination of sample or clinic
Collect speciments that will be specific to the pathogen causing disease
Be patient and calm
Use collection techniques that limit the contamination flora from normal flora

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12
Q

Correct handling and transport depends on (3)

A

Pathogen type
Specimen type
Diagnostic test performed

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13
Q

Hadling and transport considerations (3)

A

Temperature
Moisture
Additive to preserve specimen and reduce contaminant growth

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14
Q

Phenotypic examinations

A

Microscopic examination

Culture /biochem tests for growth and to isolate pathogens

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15
Q

Immunochemical methods

A

Binding of specific antibodies and pathogens

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16
Q

Molecular diagnostics

A

Identification or markers in the genome or proteome

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17
Q

Concentration techniques

A

Increase concentration of pathogen material increases likelihood of pathogen ID
Very common for parasite diagnostic

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18
Q

Microscopic examination of phenotypic method

A

To see cell morphology
CANT SEE VIRUSES but can get info from them
Use staining to enhance visualization and analysis of tissues and cells
Staining techniques

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19
Q

Staining techniques

A

Simple or differential

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20
Q

Simple stain

A

1 dye
Identify morphology
Cellular arrangement

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21
Q

Differential stain

A

More than one dye

Can distinguish between different types of cells and structures in addition to morphology and cellular arrangement

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22
Q

Common tissue stain

A

Identify a wide range of normal and abnormal cells and tissues
Can identify bcteria, fungi, parasites and viral infection

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23
Q

Hematoxylin (basic stain)

A

Stains acidic or negatively charged components (nuclear components)
Chromatin and nuclei
COLOR PURPLE

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24
Q

Eosin (acidic stain)

A

Stains basic or positively charged components, i.e. Positively charged components and granules, EC components
)elastic fibers, muscle, RBC)
COLOR RED/PINK

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25
Q

Acis fats stain

A

To stainorganisms with impenetrable cell wall

Mycobacterium and cryptosporidium

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26
Q

Capsule stain

A

Negative staining technique

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27
Q

Endospore stain

A

Spores are dyed by heating malachite green dye

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28
Q

Flagella stain

A

Flagella re thickened with mordant to make thick enough to see by staining

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29
Q

Fungal stains

A

Gomori methenamine silver, periodic acid shiff

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30
Q

Parasite stains

A

They can also be seen without stains

Leishman stain and trichrome stain

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31
Q

T or F

Parasites can only be seen with leishman stain and trichrome stain

A

False

They can be seen without stains

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32
Q

Advantages of micro examination (4)

A

Determine cell/tissue morphology
Cellular association of bacteria, parasite, fungi
Morphology
Provides an impresson of the disease stage or severity
Immediate analysis

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33
Q

Disadvantages of micro examination

A

Mild/chronic infection may not be readily detection

Not all specimens can be used for diagnosis of some bacterial infections

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34
Q

Cultured methods of pathogens are only used for

A

Diagnosis of bacterial or fungal infection

Viruses and parasite grow poorly in cultures

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35
Q

T or F

Different bacteria will still grow in the same environment as others and have same nutritional requirements to survive

A

FALSE

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36
Q

Fastodious bacteria require

A

Specific nutrients and culture conditions

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37
Q

Nutrient media

A

Important for general growth

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38
Q

Slective media

A

Important for growth of your suspected pathogen type

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39
Q

Differential media

A

Most are selective media and helpfull in bacterial ID

40
Q

Enrichment broth

A

Increase number of a specific bacterial type and inhibit growth of others

41
Q

Biochemical testing

A

Helpfull in poathogen ID

Enzymes and fermentation

42
Q

Basic nutrient media (3)

A 
Trypticase soy agas (TSA)
Luria bertani (LB) agar
Mueller-hinton (MH) agar
43
Q

Enriched nutrient agar media (4)

A

Blood agar
Brain heart infusion agar
Chocolate agar
Lysed-blood agar

44
Q

Aerobic bacteria

45
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

No O present in environment

46
Q

Capnophites

47
Q

Slective media for gram positive bacteria

A

Phenylethyl alcohol agar.

48
Q

Slective media for fungi

A

Saboraud dextrose agar (SabDex) has low pH

49
Q

Selective media for gram negative

A

Eosin methylene blue. Agar (EMB)

50
Q

Columbia CNA agar contains

A

Colistin and Nalidixic acid for gram positive selection

51
Q

Differential media

A

Helps determine bacterias identity
Blood agar
MacConkey agar (gram neg and lactose fermentation)
Mannitol salt agar (gram pos, mannitol fermentation)
CLED agar

52
Q

What is CLED

A

Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient

For unrinary bacteriology

53
Q

Phenotypic methods of biochemical tests onm bacterial ID (3)

A

Enzyme production
Carbon source usage
Carbohydrate fementation

54
Q

Enzyme production (4)

A

Catalase
Coagulase
Urease
Indole

55
Q

Catalase

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxidase

56
Q

Coagulase

A

Causes fibrin in blood to clot

57
Q

Urease

A

Hydrolyses urea

58
Q

What is the carbon source usage

59
Q

Urine paddles

A

Provide semi-quantity colony count

Presumptive ID of many common uropathogens

60
Q

Sides of urine paddle (2)

A

One is selective EMB media for gram negative

Other is non selective CLED media

61
Q

At what temperature to you incubate an urine paddle and how long

A

37 celcius

18-24 hours

62
Q

FlexCULT Vet UT gives what information about bacteria

A

Susceptibility information

63
Q

What is an important tests for effective treatment of bacterial infections

A

Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST)

64
Q

Immunochemical tests detect

A

Pathogen specific antibodies or antigens

65
Q

What is an antigen

A

Molecule that can trigger a host immune response

66
Q

Antigens from pathogens can be (3)

A

The whole pathogen itself (only small part of surface is the antigen)
A molecule produced by pathogen
Pathogen molecules tat are presented on the surface of host cell

67
Q

Immunochemical test exploits the principles of pathogen specific immune response to

A

Detect and ID pathogens

68
Q

Common speciments for antibodies

69
Q

IgG

A

Blood (common)

Tissue fluids

70
Q

IgM

71
Q

Indicators of active/recent infection (3)

A

Pathogen detection
Present or recent clinical symptoms of infection
Amount of titre of antibodies

72
Q

T or F

Abscence of antibody detection may not mean abscence of pathogen

A

True

Specimen may have been taken before host pathogen specific antibody production

73
Q

What does ELISA stands for

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

74
Q

ELISA is

A

Specific antigen or antibody detection

75
Q

ELISA characteristics

A

Detects immune response to virus, baceria, fngi or parasite
IS makes unique antibodies for each pathogen encountered
High sensitivity and specificity
Quantitative: amount of antigen or antibody present

76
Q

T or F

ELISA is qualitative

A

False

Quantitative

77
Q

What is an conjugate antibody

A

Antibody attached with indicator (e.g. Enzyme)

78
Q

What is the Fc on the antibody

What is the variable region

A

FC is the constant region specific for each animal (top part)
Variable region is specific for antigen

79
Q

What test can be a variation of lateral flow immunochromatic assay?

A

INDEXX SNAP test

80
Q

INDEXX SNAP test detects

A

Antigen or antibody from species

81
Q

Can the SNAP test be used for viruses?

A

Yes

Can be used for bacteria, virus and parasites

82
Q

Immunofluorescence and immunochemistry can detect

A

Antigen in species

83
Q

What does the agglutination test detect

A

Immune response to virus, parasites, bacteria or fungi

84
Q

Advantages of immunochemistry tests (4)

A

ID pathogen when pathogen cannot be cultured
Most have high sensitivity
Most have high specificicty
Mid to high volume testing possible

85
Q

Disadvantages of immunochemistry tests

A

Detection of antibody may not indicate an active infection

Antibody detection from specimen very early in infection may not be detected

86
Q

What are identification of markers in the genome or proteome (3)

A

Techniques or test that determine pathogen ID by characteristic genetic or protein material
Uses pathogen specific genetic sequences to ID pathogen
Can use pathogen specific protein profile to ID pathogen

87
Q

MALDI TOF identifies what and how

A

Bacteria

Mass spectrum

88
Q

What does MALDI TOF detect

A

Protein pieces of pathogen by their mass and charge

89
Q

Identification markers in genome

A

Uses pathogen specific genetic sequences to. ID pathogen
MULTIPLEX PCR or Microarrays
Real time PCR

90
Q

MULTIPLEX detects

A

Nucleic acid from multiplw viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasite species in a single sample

91
Q

Real time PCR is

A

Quantitive for pathogen

92
Q

Advantages of molecular diagnostics (4)

A

Faster than cultured methods
Nucleic acid base techniques are highly sensitive
Accurate
High volume testing posible

93
Q

Disadvantages of molecular diagnostics (3)

A

Expensive
Yes or no answer
Posible false negatives or positives

94
Q

T or F

Viruses and parasites testing include MALDI TOF and culture based testig

95
Q

What is a false positive

A

Diagnostic test is positive for a pathogen or pathogen specific antibodies but patient is NOT infected with pathogen

96
Q

What is a false negative

A

Test is negative for pathogen or pathogen specific antibody but patient is infected with that pathogen

Principles of Infectious Diseases (12 decks)

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